Laissez Faire Vs. State Intervention - 1467 Words

1800s: Laissez-faire vs. State Intervention What does, exactly, ‘laissez-faire’ mean? According to the Oxford dictionary, this French term means literally ‘allow to do’, however, in nineteenth century Britain, this word was used to define a new policy of non-intervention in free market affairs by governments, in order to allow things to follow their own course without any external help, as suggested from some of the most famous economists of the era, as Adam Smith, his followers Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo, or Samuel Smiles. These economists believed in a ‘hands-off approach’ of self-help, as it can be seen from their written works. For example, Samuel Smiles (1859) wrote: â€Å"Even the best institutions can give a man no active help. Perhaps, most they can do is, to leave him free to develop himself and improve his individual condition.† Basically, they strongly believed in the idea of the ‘self-made man’, capable of becoming successful by his own efforts. Anyhow, this belief that the interest of an individual would have led, in the end, to benefits for both the economy and the society, as highlighted by Smith (1776), strongly disagreed with the living conditions of the nineteenth century British society’s situation. In fact, even though this century brought various improvements to the world, with a period of huge innovation known as ‘Industrialisation’, there was a huge gap between social classes, given that any change was made available for poor p eople, thatShow MoreRelatedEconomic Growth in the Late 19th Century Essay680 Words   |  3 PagesFrom the year 1865 to 1900 the United States government was attributed to following the standards of laissez-faire, an economic axiom in opposition of governmental moderation of or meddling in commerce beyond the merest essential for a free-enterprise organization to function according to its own economic regulations. 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Tamil Eelam Issue in Indian Politics Free Essays

string(53) " dealing with the business of administering justice\." ————————————————- Politics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the political magazine, see  The Politic. For other uses, see  Politics (disambiguation). Politics  (from  Greek  politikos  Ã¢â‚¬Å"of, for, or relating to citizens†) is the  art  or  science  of influencing people on a civic, or individual level, when there are more than 2 people involved. We will write a custom essay sample on Tamil Eelam Issue in Indian Politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Modern political discourse focuses on democracy and the relationship between people and politics. It is thought of as the way we â€Å"choose government officials and make decisions about public policy†. [1] * | ———————————————— [edit]Etymology European Parliament The word  politics  comes from the  Greek  word   (politika), modeled on  Aristotle’s â€Å"affairs of the city†, the name of his book on governing and governments, which was rendered in English in the mid-15th century as Latinized â€Å"Polettiques†. [2]  Thus it became â€Å"politics† in  Middle English  c. 1520s (see the  Concise Oxford Dictionary). The singular  politic  first attested in English 1430 and comes from  Middle French  politique, in turn from  Latin  politicus,[3]  which is the  latinisation  of the Greek politikos), meanin g amongst others â€Å"of, for, or relating to citizens†, â€Å"civil†, â€Å"civic†, â€Å"belonging to the state†,[4]  in turn from (polites), â€Å"citizen†[5]  and that from (polis), â€Å"city†. [6] ————————————————- [edit]History The history of politics is reflected in the origin and development, and economics of the institutions of  government. [edit]The state Main article:  State (polity) Sun Tzu The origin of the  state  is to be found in the development of the  art of warfare. Historically speaking, all political communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warfare. [7] Kings, emperors and other types of monarchs in many countries including China and Japan, were considered divine. Of the institutions that ruled states, that ofkingship  stood at the forefront until the French Revolution put an end to the â€Å"divine right of kings†. Nevertheless, the monarchy is among the longest-lasting political institutions, dating as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria[8]  to the 21st Century AD British Monarchy. Kingship becomes an institution through heredity. The king often, even in  absolute monarchies, ruled his kingdom with the aid of an elite group of advisors, a  Council  without which he could not maintain power. As these advisors, and others outside the monarchy negotiated for power,  constitutional monarchies  emerged, which may be considered the germ of  constitutional government. [citation needed]  Long before the council became a bulwark of democracy, it rendered invaluable aid to the institution of kingship by:[citation needed] 1. Preserving the institution of kingship through heredity. 2. Preserving the traditions of the social order. 3. Being able to withstand criticism as an impersonal authority. 4. Being able to manage a greater deal of knowledge and action than a single individual such as the king. The greatest of the king’s subordinates, the  earls,  archdukes  and  dukes  in England and Scotland, the  dukes  and  counts  in the Continent, always sat as a right on the Council. A conqueror wages war upon the vanquished for vengeance or for plunder but an established kingdom exacts  tribute. One of the functions of the Council is to keep the coffers of the king full. Another is the satisfaction of  military service  and the establishment of  lordships  by the king to satisfy the task of collecting taxes and soldiers. [9] [edit]The state and property Property  is the right vested on the individual or a group of people to enjoy the benefits of an object be it material or intellectual. A right is a power enforced by public trust. Sometimes it happens that the exercise of a right is opposed to public trust. Nevertheless, a right is really an institution brought around by public trust, past, present or future. The growth of knowledge is the key to the history of property as an institution. The more man becomes knowledgeable of an object be it physical or intellectual, the more it is appropriated. The appearance of the State brought about the final stage in the evolution of property from wildlife to husbandry. In the presence of the State, man can hold landed property. The State began granting lordships and ended up conferring property and with it came  inheritance. With landed property came rent and in the exchange of goods, profit, so that in modern times, the â€Å"lord of the land† of long ago becomes the landlord. If it is wrongly assumed that the value of land is always the same, then there is of course no evolution of property whatever. However, the price of land goes up with every increase in population benefitting the landlord. The landlordism of large land owners has been the most rewarded of all political services. In industry, the position of the landlord is less important but in towns which have grown out of an industry, the fortunate landlord has reaped an enormous profit. Towards the latter part of the Middle Ages in Europe, both the State – the State would use the instrument of  confiscation  for the first time to satisfy a debt – and the Church – the Church succeeded in acquiring immense quantities of land – were allied against the village community to displace the small landlord and they were successful to the extent that today, the village has become the ideal of the  individualist, a place in which every man â€Å"does what he wills with his own. † The State has been the most important factor in the evolution of the institution of property be it public or private. 10] [edit]The state and the justice system As a primarily military institution, the State is concerned with the  allegiance  of its subjects viewing disloyalty and  espionage  as well as other sorts of  conspiracies  as detrimental to its national security. Thus arises the law of  treason. Criminal acts in general, breaking the peac e and treason make up the whole, or at least part of  criminal law  enforced by the State as distinguished from  the law enforced by private individuals or by the state on behalf of private individuals. State justice has taken the place of clan, feudal, merchant and ecclesiastical justice due to its strength, skill and simplicity. One very striking evidence of the superiority of the royal courts over the feudal and popular courts in the matter of official skill is the fact that, until comparatively late in history, the royal courts alone kept written records of their proceedings. The  trial by jury  was adopted by the Royal Courts, securing it’s popularity and making it a bulwark of liberty. By the time of the  Protestant Reformation, with the separation of Church and State, in the most progressive countries, the State succeeded in dealing with the business of administering justice. You read "Tamil Eelam Issue in Indian Politics" in category "Papers" [11] [edit]The state The making of laws was unknown to primitive societies. That most persistent of all patriarchal societies, the  Jewish, retains to a certain extent its tribal law in the  Gentile  cities of the West. This tribal law is the rudimentary idea of law as it presented itself to people in the patriarchal stage of society, it was  custom  or  observance  sanctioned by the approval and practice of ancestors. citation needed] The state of affairs which existed in the 10th century, when every town had its own laws and nations like France, Germany, Spain and other countries had no national law until the end of the 18th century, was brought to an end by three great agencies that helped to create the mo dern system of law and legislation:[citation needed] 1. Records:  From the early Middle Ages in Europe there come what are called folk-laws and they appear exactly at the time when the patriarchal is becoming the State. They are due almost universally to one cause: the desire of the king to know the custom of his subjects. These are not legislation in the sense of law-making but statements or declarations of custom. They are drawn from a knowledge of the custom of the people. Unwritten custom changes imperceptibly but not the written. It is always possible to point to the exact text and show what it says. Nevertheless, the written text can change by addition with every new edition. 2. Law Courts:  By taking some general rule which seemed to be common to all the communities and ignoring the differences, English common law was modeled after such a practice so that the law became common in all the districts of the kingdom. The reason why in the rest of Europe, there was no common law till centuries later is because the State in those countries did not get hold of the administration of justice when England did. One of the shrewdest moves by which the English judges pushed their plan of making a common law was by limiting the verdict of the jury in every ase toquestions of fact. At first the jury used to give answers both on law and fact; and being a purely local body, they followed local custom. A famous division came to pass: the province of the judge and the province of the jury. 3. Fictions:  Records and Law Courts were valuable in helping the people adapt to law-making but like Fictions, they were slow and imperfect. Though slowly, Fictions work because it is a well known fact that people will accept a change in the form of a fiction while they would resist it to the end if the fact is out in the open. British parliament Finally there is the enactment of laws or legislation. When progress and development is rapid, the faster method of  political representation  is adopted. This method does not originate in primitive society but in the State need for money and its use of an assembly to raise the same. From the town assembly, a national assembly and the progress of commerce sprang  Parliament  all over Europe around the end of the 12th century but not entirely representative or homogeneous for the nobility and the clergy. The clergy had amassed a fortune in land, about one-fifth of all Christendom but at the time, in the 12th and 13th centuries, the Church was following a policy of isolation; they adopted the rule of  celibacy  and cut themselves from domestic life; they refused to plead in a secular court; they refused to pay taxes to the State on the grounds that they had already paid it to the  Pope. Since the main object of the king in holding a national assembly was to collect money, the Church could not be left out and so they came to Parliament. The Church did not like it but in most cases they had to come. [citation needed] The medieval Parliament was complete when it represented all the states in the realm: nobles, clergy, peasants and craftsmen but it was not a popular institution mainly because it meant  taxation. Only by the strongest pressure of the Crown were Parliaments maintained during the first century of their existence and the best proof of this assertion lies in the fact that in those countries where the Crown was weak, Parliament ceased to exist. The notion that parliaments were the result of a democratic movement cannot be supported by historical facts. Originally, the representative side of Parliament was solely concerned with money; representation in Parliament was a liability rather than a privilege. It is not uncommon that an institution created for one purpose begins to serve another. People who were asked to contribute with large sums of money began to  petition. Pretty soon, sessions in Parliament would turn into bargaining tables, the king granting petitions in exchange for money. However, there were two kinds of petitions, one private and the other public and it was from this last that laws were adopted or  legislation  originated. The king as head of State could give orders to preserve territorial integrity but not until these royal enactments were combined with public petition that successful legislation ever took place. Even to the present day, this has always been the basis of all successful legislation: public custom is adopted and enforced by the State. citation needed] In the early days of political representation, the  majority  did not necessarily carry the day and there was very little need for contested  elections  but by the beginning of the 15th century, a seat in Parliament was something to be cherished. Historically speaking, the dogma of the equality of man is the result of the adoption of the purely practical machinery of the majority but the adoption of the majority principle is also responsible for another institution of modern times: the  party system. The party system is an elaborate piece of machinery that pits at least two political candidates against each other for the vote of an electorate; its advantage being equal representation interesting a large number of people in politics; it provides effective criticism of the government in power and it affords an outlet for the ambition of a large number of wealthy and educated people guaranteeing a consistent policy in government. citation needed] These three institutions: political representation, majority rule and the party system are the basic components of modern political machinery; they are applicable to both central and local governments and are becoming by their adaptability ends in themselves rather than a machinery to achieve some purpose. [12] [edit]The state and the executive system The administration is one of the most difficult aspects of government. In the enactment and enforcement of laws, the victory of the State is complete but not so in regards to administration the reason being that it is easy to see the advantage of the enactment and enforcement of laws but not the administration of domestic, religious and business affairs which should be kept to a minimum by government. [citation needed] The  German Chancellery(Bundeskanzleramt) in  Berlin Originally, the state was a military institution. For many years, it was just a territory ruled by a king who was surrounded by a small elite group of warriors and court officials and it was basically rule by force over a larger mass of people. Slowly, however, the people gained political representation for none can really be said to be a member of the State without the right of having a voice in the direction of policy making. One of the basic functions of the State in regards to administration is maintaining peace and internal order; it has no other excuse for interfering in the lives of its citizens. To maintain law and order the State develops means ofcommunication. Historically, the â€Å"king’s highway† was laid down and maintained for the convenience of the royal armies not as an incentive to  commerce. In almost all countries, the State maintains the control of the means of communication and special freedoms such as those delineated in the  First Amendment to the United States Constitution  are rather limited. The State’s original function of maintaining law and order within its borders gave rise to  police  administration which is a branch of the dispensation of  Justice  but on its preventive side, police jurisdiction has a special character of its own, which distinguishes it from ordinary judicial work. In thecurfew, the State shows early in history the importance of preventing disorder. In early days, next to maintaining law and order, the State was concerned with the raising of  revenue. It was then useful to the State to establish a  standard  of  weights and measures  so that value could be generally accepted and finally the State acquired a  monopoly  of  coinage. The regulation of labor by the State as one of its functions dates from the 15th century, when  the Black Plague  killed around half of the European population. citation needed] The invariable policy of the State has always been to break down all intermediate authorities and to deal directly with the individual. This was the policy until  Adam Smith’s  The Wealth of Nations  was published promoting a strong public reaction against State interference. By its own action, the State raised the issue of the poor or the State relief of the  indigent. The State, of course, did not create po verty but by destroying the chief agencies which dealt with t such as the village, the church and the  guilds, it practically assumed full responsibility for the poor without exercising any power over it. The Great Poor Law Report of 1834 showed that  communism  was widespread in the rural areas of England. In newly developed countries such as the  colonies  of the  British Empire, the State has refused to take responsibility for the poor and the relief of poverty, although the poor classes lean heavily towards State socialism. citation needed] Taking into account the arguably significant powers of the State, it is only natural that in times of great crisis such as an overwhelming calamity the people should invoke general State aid. [citation needed] Political representation has helped to shape State administration. When the voice of the individual can be heard, the danger of arbitrary interference by the State is greatly reduced. To that extent is the increase of State activity popular. There are no hard and fast rules to limit State administration but it is a fallacy to believe that the State is the nation and what the State does is necessarily for the good of the nation. In the first place, even in modern times, the State and the nation are never identical. Even where â€Å"universal suffrage† prevails, the fact remains that an extension of State administration means an increased interference of some by others, limiting freedom of action. Even if it is admitted that State and nation are one and the same, it is sometimes difficult to admit that State administration is necessarily good. Finally, the modern indiscriminate advocacy of State administration conceals the fallacy that State officials must necessarily prove more effective in their action than  private enterprise. Herein lies the basic difference between  Public  and  Business Administration; the first deals with the  public weal  while the second deals basically in  profit  but both require a great deal of  education  and  ethical conduct  to avoid the mishaps inherent in the relationship not only relating to  business  and  labour  but also the State and the people administrating its  government. 13] [edit]The varieties of political experience The swearing of the oath of ratification of the treaty of Munster in 1648  (1648) by  Gerard ter Borch. According to Aristotle, States are classified into  monarchies,  aristocracies,  timocracies,  democracies,  oligarchies, and  tyrannies. Due to an increase in knowledge of the history of politics, this classificat ion has been abandoned. Generally speaking, no form of government could be considered the absolute best, as it would have to be the perfect form under all circumstances, for all people and in all ways. As an institution created by the human nature togovern society, it is vulnerable to  abuse by people for their own gain, no matter what form of government a state utillises, thus posing that there is no ‘best’ form of government. All States are varieties of a single type, the sovereign State. All the  Great Powers  of the modern world rule on the principle of  sovereignty. Sovereign power may be vested on an individual as in an  autocratic government  or it may be vested on a group as in a constitutional government. Constitutions  are written documents that specify and limit the powers of the different branches of government. Although a Constitution is a written document, there is also an unwritten Constitution. The unwritten constitution is continually being written by the Legislative branch of government; this is just one of those cases in which the nature of the circumstances determines the form of government that is most appropriate. Nevertheless, the written constitution is essential. England did set the fashion of written constitutions during the  Civil War  but after the  Restoration  abandoned them to be taken up later by the  American Colonies  after their  emancipation  and then  France  after the  Revolution  and the rest of Europe including the European colonies. [citation needed] There are two forms of government, one a strong central government as in France and the other a local government such as the ancient divisions in England that is comparatively weaker but less bureaucratic. These two forms helped to shape the  federal government, first in Switzerland, then in the United States in 1776, in Canada in 1867 and in Germany in 1870 and in the 20th century,  Australia. The Federal States introduced the new principle of agreement or  contract. Compared to a  federation, a  confederation’s singular weakness is that it lacks  judicial power. [citation needed]  In the  American Civil War, the contention of the Confederate States that a State could  secede  from the Union was untenable because of the power enjoyed by the Federal government in the executive, legislative and judiciary branches. citation needed] According to professor  A. V. Dicey  in  An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, the essential features of a federal constitution are: a) A written supreme constitution in order to prevent disputes between the jurisdictions of the Federal and State authorities; b) A distribution of power between the Federal and State governments and c) A Supreme Court vested with the power to interpret the Constitution and enforce the law of the land remaining independent of both the executive and legislative branches. 14] [edit]Political party Main article:  political party A  political party  is a  political organization  that typically seeks to attain and maintain political power within  government, usually by participating in  electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions. Parties often espouse an expressed  ideology  or vision bolstered by a written  platform  with specific goals, forming a  coalition  among disparate interests. [citation needed] [edit]World politics The  United Nations  building in  New York City The 20th century witnessed the outcome of two world wars and not only the rise and fall of the  Third Reich  but also the rise and fall of  communism. The development of the  Atomic bomb  gave the United States a more rapid end to its conflict in Japan in  World War II. Later, the development of the  Hydrogen bombbecame the ultimate weapon of mass destruction. The  United Nations  has served as a forum for peace in a world threatened by nuclear war. â€Å"The invention of nuclear and space weapons has made war unacceptable as an instrument for achieving political ends. [15]  Although an all-out final nuclear holocaust is out of the question for man, â€Å"nuclear blackmail† comes into question not only on the issue of world peace but also on the issue of national sovereignty. [16]  On a Sunday in 1962, the world stood still at the brink of nuclear war during the October  Cuban missile crisis  from the implementation of  U. S. vs  U. S. S. R. nucl ear blackmail policy. ————————————————- [edit]As an academic discipline Political science, the study of politics, examines the acquisition and application of  power. [17]  Political scientist  Harold Lasswell  defined politics as â€Å"who gets what, when, and how†. [18]  Related areas of study include  political philosophy, which seeks a rationale for politics and an ethic of public behaviour,  political economy, which attempts to develop understandings of the relationships between politics and the economy and the governance of the two, and  public administration, which examines the practices of governance. citation needed]  The philosopher  Charles Blattberg, who has defined politics as â€Å"responding to conflict with dialogue,† offers an account which distinguishes political philosophies from political ideologies. [19] The first academic chair devoted to politics in the United States was the chair of history and political science at  Columbia University, first occupied by Prussian emigre  Francis Lieber  in 18 57. [20] ————————————————- [edit]Spectra Political views differ on average across nations. A recreation of the Inglehart–Welzel Cultural Map of the World based on the  World Values Survey. Main article:  Political spectrum Several different  political spectrums  have been proposed. [edit]Left-right politics Main article:  Left–right politics Recently in history, political analysts and politicians divide politics into  left wing  and  right wing  politics, often also using the idea of center politics as a middle path of policy between the right and left. This classification is comparatively recent (it was not used by  Aristotle  or  Hobbes, for instance), and dates from theFrench Revolution  era, when those members of the  National Assembly  who supported the  republic, the common people and a  secular society  sat on the left and supporters of the  monarchy,  aristocratic  privilege and the Church sat on the right. [21] The meanings behind the labels have become more complicated over the years. A particularly influential event was the publication of the  Communist Manifesto  by  Karl Marx  and  Frederick Engels  in 1848. The  Manifesto  suggested a course of action for a  proletarian  revolution to overthrow thebourgeois  society and abolish private property, in the belief that this would lead to a  classless  and  stateless  society. [citation needed] The meaning of left-wing and right-wing varies considerably between different countries and at different times, but generally speaking, it can be said that the right wing often values  tradition  and  social stratification  while the left wing often values  reform  and  egalitarianism, with the center seeking a balance between the two such as with  social democracy  or  regulated capitalism. 22] According to  Norberto Bobbio, one of the major exponents of this distinction, the Left believes in attempting to eradicate social inequality, while the Right regards most social inequality as the result of ineradicable natural inequalities, and sees attempts to enforce social equality as utopian or authoritarian. [23] So me ideologies, notably  Christian Democracy, claim to combine left and right wing politics; according to Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood, â€Å"In terms of ideology, Christian Democracy has incorporated many of the views held by liberals, conservatives and socialists within a wider framework of moral and Christian principles. â€Å"[24]  Movements which claim or formerly claimed to be above the left-right divide include  Fascist  Terza Posizioneeconomic politics in Italy,  Gaullism  in France,  Peronism  in Argentina, and  National Action Politics  in Mexico. [citation needed] [edit]Authoritarian-libertarian politics Authoritarianism  and  libertarianism  refer to the amount of individual  freedom  each person possesses in that society relative to the state. One author describes authoritarian political systems as those where â€Å"individual  rights  and goals are subjugated to group goals, expectations and conformities†,[25]  while libertarians generally oppose the  state  and hold theindividual  as  sovereign. In their purest form, libertarians are  anarchists, who argue for the total abolition of the state, of  Political parties  and of  other political entities, while the purest authoritarians are, theoretically,  totalitarians  who support state control over all aspects of  society. citation needed] For instance,  classical liberalism  (also known as  laissez-faire  liberalism,[26]  or, in much of the world, simply  liberalism) is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and  limited government. This includes the importance of human rationality, individual  property rights,  free markets,  natural rights, the protection of  civil liberties, constitutional limitation of governme nt, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of  John Locke,  Adam Smith,  David Hume,  David Ricardo,  Voltaire,  Montesquieu  and others. According to the libertarian  Institute for Humane Studies, â€Å"the libertarian, or ‘classical liberal,’ perspective is that individual well-being, prosperity, and social harmony are fostered by ‘as much liberty as possible’ and ‘as little government as necessary. ‘†[27]  For anarchist political philosopher  L. Susan Brown  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Liberalism and  anarchism  are two political philosophies that are fundamentally concerned with individual  freedom  yet differ from one another in very distinct ways. Anarchism shares with liberalism a radical commitment to individual freedom while rejecting liberalism’s competitive property relations. [28] ————————————————- [edit]Political corruption Main article:  Political corruption â€Å"| Unlimited power is apt to corrupt the minds of those who possess it. | †| à ‚  | —  William Pitt the Elder[29]| | Political corruption  is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as  repression  of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties. [citation needed] Forms of corruption vary, but include  bribery,  extortion,  cronyism,  nepotism,  patronage,  graft, and  embezzlement. While corruption may facilitate  criminal enterprise  such as  drug trafficking,  money laundering, and  trafficking, it is not restricted to these activities. citation needed]  The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, certain political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or poorly defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. [citation needed] Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. [30]  A state of unrestrained How to cite Tamil Eelam Issue in Indian Politics, Papers

Discussion on Care Plan for Cholecystis

Question: Write about theDiscussion on Care Plan for Cholecystis. Answer: The importance of nursing assessment in the treatment process is concerned with the collection of information about the health abnormalities that the patient is undergoing and arrives at a coping strategy based on their present health conditions that will support their medical restriction at large. As the responsibility for the optimal care for the patients lies upon the nursing professionals they often need to make challenging clinical judgments regarding the safety and wellbeing of the patient under their care (Estes et al., 2015). Clinical reasoning cycle provides the best measure for the nurses to make the most logical and reasonable decisions that helps in constructing a smooth treatment pathway and also aids in orchestrating an optimal care plan. This essay will attempt to formulate a detailed care pathway discussing about cholecystis and different aspects associated with its treatment talking the help of a clinical reasoning cycle. Clinical reasoning cycle can be described as a series of strategically organized step by step actions that help in eliciting important information about the situational aspects of the patent under consideration, the signs and symptoms he or she is exhibiting and determine the cause of those abnormalities and arrive at the best treatment strategy that will be supportive of the patients current situation. Clinical reasoning cycle allows the health care professionals to elicit information, process the information and arrive at a clinical judgment by the means of linking theory with practice (Levett-Jones Hoffman, 2013). As Banning in his article has stated, a sustainable and legit health care practice should focus on assimilation, analysis and differentiation of the evidences associated with health care, and the elements of clinical reasoning cycle can serve as a potent tool that can help the health care professional achieve that goal in a scientific and logical manner (Levett-Jones H offman, 2013). In this case study, the patient under consideration, Mr. Kasim Al-Mutar is a middle aged man who came to the emergency ward with a complicated case of cholecystis. The treatment procedure according to the steps of clinical reasoning cycle starts with the considering the patients situation (Giger, 2014). In this case the patient is a 49 year old man suffering with right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting. All these symptoms are indicative of a cholecystis which is considered to be a highly medical concern in this age specifically for men. However studies suggest that females are at more risk to calculous cholecystis in comparison to the males. However, regardless of the gender the risk for cholecystis has been known to increase with growing age (Gutt et al., 2013). The next step to clinical reasoning is to collect the information that can be o relevance to the present medical conditions of the patient. In this particular step the nursing professional is expected to elicit information about the past medical history of the patient, lifestyle and eating habits, vital signs and symptoms associated with the health care concern that the patient is experiencing (Gutt et al., 2013). Nursing handover can offer viable elements for this long list, the handover for the patient under consideration revealed that the heart rate for the patent had been 126 and the blood pressure ranged within 100/45. However the body temperature for the patient had been 38.8 F and had been in excruciating pain in the right upper quadrant of his abdomen. The general appearance of the patient was pale and he also had dry mucous membrane and had been demanding water frequently due to dry throat. He had given his pain severity a score of 7 out of 10 which significantly high and th e patient us need of a surgery (McGillicuddy et al., 2012). The next step to clnical reasoning cycle is evaluating the information assimilated about the patient and comparing them to theoretical clinical knowledge to gain a better understanding about the present condition of the patient. Cholecystis is considered to be common gall bladder disease that causes inflammation in the gall bladder mostly due to occurrence of gall stones that causes bile to trap in the gall bladder and causes inflammation and symptoms like pain in the right upper quadrant, vomiting and fever (Potter et al., 2013). Now gall bladder is a small pear shaped sac that stores digestive bile produced by the liver, now this digestive bile assists in the breaking down of food rich in fats and also helps in the absorption of certain vitamins. Now in case of a cholecystic or inflamed gall bladder the cystic duct for is blocked by gall stones mostly which traps the bile. This abnormality of the gall bladder is associated with high morbidity rates according to explorative research studies and the patient needs to be handled very delicately (Potter et al., 2013). The major symptom associated with cholecystis is the right upper quadrant pain that is the result of biliary colic due to the trapped bile near the blocked cystic duct. This phenomenon generally occurs after consumption of fatty or greasy food that is harder to be digested without the digestive bile. This phenomenon also causes symptoms like nausea and can cause the patient to feel irresistible urges to vomit post consumption of greasy heavy food. Apart from that fever is considered to be a very common symptom of cholecystis and a cholecystic gall bladder can be tender to touch in most cases due to the inflammation (Riall et al., 2010). However in this the patent is pale in appearance and is having frequent dry throat syndrome and is having frequent urges to drink water. It has to be considering that in most cases the elder patients succumb to dehydration post admission to the health care facility which further complicates their condition. Hence care should be taken to be taken to en sure that the patient dose not develop dehydration at any circumstances as that will increase his chances to develop jaundice (Schmidt et al., 2011). The next step to clinical reasoning cycle, is the identification of the issues that the patients is having and conducting different health assessments to arrive at a definite conclusion about the treatment plan. In this case the patent is suffering from acute pain in the upper right quadrant along with vomiting and fever. The health assessments that the patient needs to be undergone should start with a competitive blood count test as a marker of inflammation (Schmidt et al., 2011). Increased white blood cell count and increased bilirubin levels will indicate at bile congestion in the gall bladder and resultant inflammation. Depending on the positive results of this test the radio imaging of the right upper quadrant will confirm the presence of inflammation of the gall bladder. Generally these tests are enough for a medical practitioner to diagnose cholecystis however the symptom for cholecystis can be easily confused with other diseases like perforated peptic ulcer, kidney stones, co litis or pancreatitis, hence care should be taken to ensure that the assessments are being performed accurately (White, Duncan Baumle, 2012). Considering the present health conditions of the patient, he will require the service of a certified medical practitioner, abdominal specialist, nursing professionals, dietician and a community service worker. The patient will need to undergo a surgical removal of the gall bladder or a laparoscopic surgery of the gall bladder to remove in case there are stones that is causing the blockage of the cystic duct (White, Duncan Baumle, 2012). The patient is under extreme pain due to biliary colic hence administered of analgesia will aid in relieving the pain that is going through. Prior to the surgery the patent needs to be educated properly about the surgery and how that is going to help him with his present medical concerns. Communication is an elemental part of a treatment procedure that ensures that there is a mutually respectful relationship between the patient and the health care professional caring for him. It will allow the patent to be comfortable enough to share his grievances a nd preferences to the nurse and will involve him in the treatment procedure which is known to increase the recovery chances significantly. Apart from that the vital signs of the patent should be diligently monitored before and after the surgery by the nursing professional (Yokoe et al., 2013). The nutritional requirement of the patient should be addressed with liquid light diet before and after the surgery that is rich in antioxidants that will aid in his speedy recovery. Apart from that the patient should be kept well hydrated and comfortable during his stay in the health care facility. Lastly the patient should be offered community physical aid therapy and regular home visits from community service nursing professionals to help him understand the precautionary measures to take and the lifestyle changes he needed to bring forth in his life to ensure that he attains full recovery (Yokoe et al., 2013). On a concluding note it can be said that gall bladder inflammations are considered a very common health concern for a reason, the deteriorating life style habits and the paramount stress that the mass are under only aids the purpose of more health care complications. With the chasing lifestyle that we have nowadays the health problems are only going to escalate, the health care industry needs to continue to advance itself with concepts like clinical reasoning cycle top ensure that the dynamic needs of the patients can be met. References: Estes, Calleja, Theobald, Harvey (2015).Health Assessment Physical Examination(2nd ed.). Australian New Zealand: Cengage Giger, J. N. (2014).Transcultural nursing: Assessment and intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Gutt, C. N., Encke, J., Kninger, J., Harnoss, J. C., Weigand, K., Kipfmller, K., ... Klar, E. (2013). Acute cholecystitis: early versus delayed cholecystectomy, a multicenter randomized trial (ACDC study, NCT00447304).Annals of surgery,258(3), 385-393. Levett-Jones, T. Hoffman, K. (2013). Clinical reasoning: What it is and why it matters. In: T. LevettJones (Ed.). Clinical Reasoning: Learning to think like a nurse. Frenchs Forest: Pearson McGillicuddy, E. A., Schuster, K. M., Barre, K., Suarez, L., Hall, M. R., Kaml, G. J., ... Longo, W. E. (2012). Non?operative management of acute cholecystitis in the elderly.British Journal of Surgery,99(9), 1254-1261. Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., Hall, A. (2013).Fundamentals of nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Riall, T. S., Zhang, D., Townsend, C. M., Kuo, Y. F., Goodwin, J. S. (2010). Failure to perform cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in elderly patients is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost.Journal of the American College of Surgeons,210(5), 668-677. Schmidt, M., Sndenaa, K., Vetrhus, M., Berhane, T., Eide, G. E. (2011). Long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of observation versus surgery for acute cholecystitis: non-operative management is an option in some patients.Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology,46(10), 1257-1262. White, L., Duncan, G., Baumle, W. (2012).Medical surgical nursing: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Yokoe, M., Takada, T., Strasberg, S. M., Solomkin, J. S., Mayumi, T., Gomi, H., ... Gabata, T. (2013). TG13 diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos).Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences,20(1), 35-46.

Social Classes in the Philippines Essay Sample free essay sample

Maginoo – This comprises of the aristocracy of the early caste system. which largely refers to the governing category of Datus. Rajahs and their households. A datu with power over a big country held the rubric Lakan or Rajah. The Datu is a leader. a go-between in differences. and was responsible for the public assistance of the people within his legal power. Work force and adult females of this category were by and large referred to with the respectful rubric of Ginoo. Individually. the footings. Gat. significance Lord. or Dayang. intending Lady. preceded by their names. The rubric of Datu ( Sultanante ) can be acquired through blood line of descent or if a common man showed exceeding accomplishments particularly in Acts of the Apostless of courage and gallantry. Timawa – The timawa category were free common mans of Luzon and the Visayas who could have their ain land and who did non hold to pay a regular testimonial to a Maginoo. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Classes in the Philippines Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page though from clip to clip. be obliged to work on a datu’s land and aid in community undertakings and events. They were free to alter their commitment to another datu if they married into another community or if they decided to travel. Maharlika – The Tagalog maharlika rendered military service to the datu at his ain disbursal and shared with his leader the spoils of war. They by and large have the same rights and duties as a timawa. This category disappeared sometime in the 1630’s when the Spaniards were able to unite diverse affinity groups ( Rodriguez. 1998 ) . Alipin – These were prisoners of war. those unable to pay their debts. all illicit kids ; those purchased. and punished felons. In the Visayas. an alipin was called oripun. They are divided into two types: †¢ Aliping Namamahay – had his ain household. small house and batch. and served the maestro during planting and reaping season or in the building of houses. †¢ Aliping Sagigilid – those who are populating with the maestro. had no belongings. and could non get married without the master’s consent. The sagigilid. ; nevertheless. could purchase his freedom in gold.

Dont You Dare Screw Up Professor Ramos Blog

Dont You Dare Screw Up My heart was pounding out of my chest as I headed over to the office. Why was corporate asking to see me in private? I had been helping open up the newest Miguel’s Jr with all of corporate as well as the founders out in Woodcrest, CA. It was the one day that I had arrived to work late. Seven minutes late to be exact. As I knocked on the heavy white door with reflective windows, I prepared to be scolded or even worse, to receive my very first write up. My manager Larissa opened the door and said to me â€Å"Come in, Christianne. I’ve been wanting to talk to you about something.† I shut the door and waited for the worst to happen. Larissa had always intimidated me. She was about 5’1, had bright red hair and a reputation for being the meanest member of corporate. She broke the intoxicating silence by saying â€Å"I’m just going to get right to the point. I know that you’re only 17, but we’ve been watching you work, and we think that you would be the perfect candidate to be part of our management team. Would it be something that you would be interested in?† I stood there for a second, a little speechless. â€Å"Me?† I asked. â€Å"I would love to! I thought you were going to write me up because I was late today.† She laughed to herself and responded, â€Å"No, being a few minutes late is completely alright. It happens to the best of us. I’ll have one of the managers print out your schedule. You’ll most likely be starting out in Moreno Valley on Monday.† When Monday finally rolled around, I dressed in a royal blue, button down dress shirt with the company logo on the chest, black dress pants and of course, the standard black slip resistant shoes that everyone in the restaurant industry are required to wear. I had never felt so official. I went over the standard protocols, responsibilities and manager menus with my superior Maricela who was an incredibly sweet Hispanic mother of two with light brown hair up until it was time to send the drive thru cashier on her break because it is illegal for anyone to work over 6 hours without getting a break. I spent the next forty-five minutes ringing up cars and then giving them their food until one of our regulars Tom, who was a middle-aged Caucasian man pulled up in a silver Chevy Silverado. â€Å"Why are you wearing blue but everyone else is wearing green?† he asked. â€Å"Oh, uhh†¦ I guess I’m the manager.† I responded awkwardly as my face turned bright red. â€Å"Y ou guess you’re the manager?† he asked me back. â€Å"Yeah, I guess. It’s kind of my first day as a manager so I don’t really know what I’m doing.† He laughed at that and told me â€Å"My wife and I have been coming here ever since your very first day and have seen potential in you. You’ve always been so helpful and friendly. Don’t worry about the little thing or even about messing up. That’s just a part of life. You’re going to be a great manager.† A few months and many complaints later, I received a phone call from Larissa. This time she said â€Å"I’ve heard that you’ve been doing a really good job in your management position. I don’t know if you’ve heard but we just promoted your coworker Antonio to a manager too. Would you like to help us out by training him?† Antonio was one of my closest friends at the time. He was around 5’11†, had black hair that he consistently had spiked and wore glasses. â€Å"Of course, I’ll help you train him! I can’t promise that I’ll be able to teach him everything since I’m kind of learning how to do a lot of stuff myself, but I’ll try to do my best.† Part of our routine as managers is to keep at least $2,000 in our safe and at least $280 in our change bags. At the beginning of every shift, we are required to count all of the money to make sure there is nothing missing and then to lock it up in our floor safe at the end of the night, as long as everything is there. On my first night closing as a trainer, I had showed Antonio how to count the drawers. I also taught him how to use our money counting machine, how to print up our daily revenue slips, and how to cash out registers. We put all of the money in the floor safe, restocked everything, clocked all of the employees out, and then went home. The next morning at around 6:15, I was awoken by a phone call. As I looked at the caller ID and it read ‘Work’ I thought to myself, â€Å"Dang it, I must’ve taken the key for the front doors home again.† I answered the phone and Maricela answered, â€Å"Hey Christianne, I just wanted to let you know that you didn’t lock up the safe last night.† My heart dropped so fast. â€Å"What? Are you kidding me?† I squeaked. I knew that I was in big trouble and that I definitely deserved getting my first write up. â€Å"It’s okay. It’s happened to me before. I’m not going to write you or Antonio up this time. Just really make sure that you double check or even triple check that you locked up the safe whenever you close.† Not only did I mess up by not double checking the safe, but I almost got my coworker/friend Antonio in trouble too. No matter how much you think you know, or how long you’ve worked in a certain position, you will never know everything and will always have the possibility of screwing things up. Being promoted as a manager was one of the most rewarding promotions that I have ever been given. I’ve been a manager for three years now and still learn something new every day thanks to those around me as well as from my own mistakes. If Larissa hadn’t seen potential in me and given me the opportunity to grow as a leader. Having regulars as supportive as Tom, gave me the confidence to be learn new things. He ensured me that even if you mess up, it’s not the end of the world. People mess up, it’s just the way life is. Through my management position, I learned that everything, whether it be failing to check that the floor safe is locked or even forgetting somebody’s taco can be turned into a learning experience. Most of all, my management position taught me to always stay positive because people thrive off of positivity.

How to Weed - and Edit - and Work - Effectively

How to Weed - and Edit - and Work - Effectively In my newsletter last week, I wrote about weeding. The letter did not go out until Friday- a notoriously bad day to send out a newsletter- so I am expanding on the theme in a full-out blog. Weeding is an art. We all know that if you don’t weed out the roots of a plant, the plant will grow back. There are many metaphors for this phenomenon. But that’s not what I’m going to talk about today. I’m reflecting instead on the process of weeding. When I go into my garden to weed, I find I’m more effective if I choose the type of weed I’m going to pull: â€Å"Today I’m going to pull out all the grass in my garden.† â€Å"Today I’m going to pull out all the lemon balm.† When my eyes and brain are looking for one particular thing, I have a much easier time spotting it than if I were to say â€Å"I’m going to weed all types of weeds today† or â€Å"I’m going to pick tomatoes and weed as I do it.† Sometimes it can also work to weed a small area of everything that is NOT the lettuce, or the tomato, or the garlic. Again, my brain is focused on one thing, in one small space. When I’m unfocused, I miss a lot of things. Even the thought of weeding my entire garden of everything I don’t want there raises my heart rate and sends me into overwhelm. Its simply too much to do, especially when I have so many other tasks pulling for my attention! I need to take one thing at a time. Weeding is like editing. Like my experience of weeding, if I limit myself to one thing I do a better job. Looking through a document to check for periods at the end of each bullet, or to check for extra spaces, means I’m likely to catch the one thing I’m looking for. Did I overuse the word â€Å"that†? Or â€Å"just†? Or â€Å"really†? It works best to search on each of those words one at a time. Conversely, if I try to find every error, I’ll probably miss a bunch of them. [For a list of common errors to look for, see The Write Life’s 25 Editing Tips for Tightening Your Copy] Despite knowing the downsides of overcommitment in proofreading, my brain often wants to do everything at once and fix everything at once. It takes some wrangling to get myself to concentrate on one thing at a time, especially in this age of distraction. In fact, as I sat down to write this blog I went to do some research on multitasking and ended up doing something else before getting to my Google search. Then my phone rang and I took the call before finally getting back to my article. Have I lost your attention yet? Perhaps I have. I am talking about multitasking, and I have taken you along for the ride†¦ and we all know by now that our brains are not wired for multitasking! Here’s a great article, Multitasking is Killing Your Brain, that describes how multitasking lowers your work quality and productivity, harms your IQ (possibly permanently), increases stress levels, and simply exhausts you. Weeding can be an antidote to multitasking. There is practice to be had in concentrating on one thing at a time, and we could all stand to do a lot more of it. It’s time for me to get out into my garden.

The Globalization of Religion in Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Globalization of Religion in Japan - Essay Example If the same criterion is applied to globalization we will realize that it has both been a blessing and a curse. It is up to the specific economy and the country to determine what route it wants to take with regard to globalization. Most importantly, however, one should keep in mind that it isn’t entirely in our hands whether we want globalization to occur in our part of the world. With the advent of new information technologies and the internet there is hardly any part in the world that has been left unaffected by globalization. We cannot essentially cage ourselves or lock our people and our economy within four walls, like Japan earlier did. That time has come and gone. Just the way the Japanese realized the merits of globalization and the good that it can reap for not only its economy, but also its social and political stature on the international front, other countries that are as yet hesitant in the face of growing globalization could do well to learn from this example. It won’t do anyone much good to sit around trying to determine what could have been and what has happened. Instead of looking back nostalgically at the past we should look forward to what situations are facing us and try to combat them in the best manner possible. No one can achieve a semblance of greatness without working for it; same holds true for individuals and nations. Globalization’s importance can furthermore be judged by taking into account the way many other countries have been able to benefit from. If we’re just focusing on Japan, it won’t be false to say that since Japan’s welcome of globalization within its region the nation’s prestige has been on the rise.

Evaluation of the educational needs of 3rd and 4th year medical Essay

Evaluation of the educational needs of 3rd and 4th year medical imaging students for fostering specialized radiographers - Essay Example The initial search terms that were used were medical imaging, radiography, and students. At this time, the search was limited to these words, to see what articles could be found. As I was interested in the evolution of medical image teaching, in that my interest is in what techniques have been used within the last 30 years, the articles that I reviewed and researched were from 1979 to present. The articles were narrowed down to 50 articles by eliminating articles and studies that essentially duplicated other, very similar studies. If a study did not provide a strategy that was novel, it was eliminated. The goal was to find diverse articles that represented slightly different aspects of the issues. Also, in the interest of diversity, articles that examined medical imaging in the context of medical student education were examined as well. Of interest were the most innovative strategies for teaching medical imaging students, including those who are in medical or dental schools, along wi th those seeking a 4 year degree. Also of interest were articles that focused on radiographers, and the kind of training that makes specialty radiographers competent and well-versed. I was also interested in finding articles that provided a comprehensive look at some of the basics that need to be understood, as well as articles that speak on policy issues surrounding medical imaging education. Combining the focus of these lines of inquiry came up with the best overall view of the question at hand. The articles that were selected were global. Thus, the articles are representative of global strategies. Of interest was whether certain countries are using techniques that are effective and might not be as well-known in this country, and whether these techniques can be imported to this country or whether the techniques would work best because of the culture of the country from where the study originated. When choosing the five articles that

State Automobile License Renewal Case Essay Example for Free

State Automobile License Renewal Case Essay One dozen size order: In this situation, the bottleneck is â€Å"setting up the oven and baking†, which takes 10 minutes to finish this process. So, the Cycle Time (CT) is 10 minutes. The Kristen’s cookie company can finish the first dozen after 26 minutes, then Kristen and her roommate can complete each order per 10 minutes. 4 hours=240 minutes. (240-26)/10=21.4, and 21.4+1=22.4. According to the equations above, the company could fill 22 orders every night. Two dozen size order: In this situation, the CT becomes 20 minutes. The company finished the first order after 36 minutes, then they could complete each order in every 10 minutes. 4 hours=240 minutes. (240-36)/20=10.2, and 10.2+1=11.2. According to the equations above the company could fulfill 11 orders every night. Three dozen size order: In this situation, the CT becomes 30 minutes. The company finished the first order after 46 minutes, then they could complete  each order in every 30 minutes. (240-46)/30=6.5, and 6.5+1=7.5 According to the equations above the company could fulfill 7 orders every night. Because they have 14 minutes left after finishing all 7 orders of three dozen size, they could make a dozen cookie for a one dozen size order. Q3. Time Kristen Kristen’s Roommate One dozen size order 8 minutes 4 minutes Two dozen size order 10 minutes 8 minutes Three dozen size order 12 minutes 12 minutes Table 3.1 the Summary of Time That Kristen and Her Roommate Will Take One dozen size order: Kristen does the process of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and one â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). The totally value time of Kristen is 8 minutes. Kristen’s roommate does the process of â€Å"setting up† (1 minute), â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and â€Å"accept Payment† (1 minute). So her total time involved is 4 minutes Two dozen size order: Because the â€Å"washing mixing† step takes same time regardless of how many cookies are being made in the batch. The value time of Kristen consists of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and two â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). Therefore, the total value time of Kristen is 10 minutes. The total value time of Kristen’s roommate consists of two â€Å"setting up† (1minutes), two â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and two â€Å"accept Payment† (1 minute). So her total value time involved is 8 minutes. Three dozen size order: The â€Å"washing mixing† remains the same, which takes  6 minutes. So Kristen’s value time consists of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and three â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). Therefore, the total value time of Kristen is 12 minutes. The total value time of Kristen’s roommate consists of three â€Å"setting up† (1minutes), three â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and three â€Å"accept Payment† (1 minute). So her total value time involved is 12 minutes. Q4 Assumptions of this question: 1. The value of Kristen and her roommate’s time is $20/hour per person. 2. The margin of Kristen’s cookie company is 27.7%. 3. The discount that Kristen will give comes from 50% of the saving. If Kristen and her roommate just make one dozen cookies, the total cost will be the sum of ingredients cost, package cost and value time cost. Then it will be: 0.6 + 0.1 + 20*0.2 = 4.7 (ingredient cost) (package cost) (value time cost) Because the margin of one dozen cookies is 27.7%, then the price should be 4.7*27.7%≈6 dollars. So, normal price of a two dozen size order should be 12 dollars and normal price of a three dozen size order should be 18 dollars. If Kristen and her roommate make a two dozen size order, the total cost will be: 1.2 + 0.2 + 20*0.3 = 7.4 (ingredient cost) (package cost) (value time cost) The saving cost of a two dozen size order is 4.7*2-7.4=2 Then the discount of a two dozen size order could be 2*50%=1 dollar. If Kristen and her roommate make a three dozen size order, the total cost will be: 1.8 + 0.3 + 20*0.4 = 10.1 (ingredient cost) (package cost) (value time cost) The saving cost of a three dozen size order is 4.7*3-10.1=4 Then the discount of a three dozen size order could be 4*50%=2 dollars. It would take longer to fill a two-dozen cookie order than a one-dozen cookie size order. Obviously, from perspective of Rush Over Time, they will take 26 minutes to fill a one dozen size order, but they will take 26 minutes to fill a two dozen size order. From perspective of Cycle Time, they will take 10 minutes to fill a one dozen size order; however, they will take 20 minutes to fill a two dozen size order. Q5 No matter one, two or three dozen of size, Kristen’s cookies company only need one food processor and two baking trays. As we can see from the Gantt chart: Chart 5.1 Three Orders of One Dozen Size Chart 5.2 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size Chart 5.3 Two Orders of Three Dozen Size At the 16th minute, while the tray is in the oven, Kristen can’t do the dish up without another tray. So as the 26th 36th †¦.. But the last step of the process which needs the tray will not influence the process that after the next one. Then we can get the conclusion that they need two trays only. And when it comes to the food processor, we can find out that the time for the â€Å"washing and mixing† is shorter than the time for baking, and the processor can only be used in the step of the â€Å"washing and mixing†. So we can easily get the conclusion that Kristen only need one processor. Q6 There is some methods to make more cookies in less time.  If there is only one oven, the bottleneck would be â€Å"setting up and baking†. So, the easiest way to improve operation could be adding another oven. The influences of adding another oven could be seen as below: One dozen size order Chart 6.1 Three Orders of One Dozen Size with Two Ovens As we can see from the Gantt chart, the Rush Order time will stay the same. But the Cycle time shortens from 10 minutes to 6 minutes, which means the bottleneck is â€Å"washing mixing†. In this situation, Kristen’s cookie company can complete 10 orders per hour after this system has been stable, which is 4 orders more than before. Given the same assumptions in the Q4, the net profit of these 4 orders is (6-4.7)*4=5.2 dollars. In conclusions, Kristen and her roommate would willing to pay no more than 5.2 dollars per hour for the additional oven. Two dozen size order Chart 6.1 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size with Two Ovens Under this circumstance, Rush order time shortens from 36 minutes to 28 minutes. Meanwhile, the Cycle Time becomes 10 minutes, which is 10 minutes less than before. The bottleneck is still â€Å"setting up and baking†. In this situation, Kristen’s cookie company can complete 6 orders per hour after this system has been stable, which is 3 more than before. Given the assumptions in the question 4, the net profit of these 3 orders is (12-7.4)*3=13.8 dollars. It means that Kristen and her roommate would willing to pay no more than 13.8 dollars per hour to rent an additional oven. Three dozen size order Chart 6.1 Four Orders of Three Dozen Size with Two Ovens As we can see from the Gantt chart 6.1, the Rush Order time will become 36 minutes. But the Cycle time shortens from 30 minutes to (13+17)/2=15 minutes, which means the bottleneck is still â€Å"setting up and baking†. In this situation, Kristen’s cookie company can complete 4 orders per hour after this system has been stable, which is 2 orders more than before. Given the same assumptions in the Q4, the net profit of these 4 orders is (18-10.1)*2=15.8 dollars. In conclusion, Kristen and her roommate would willing to pay no more than 15.8 dollars per hour for the additional oven. Q7 Chart 7.1 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size with Two Ovens

Economics in Asia :: Pacific Asia Economics

Since the mid 1960s, Pacific Asia has had a remarkable rate of economic growth. This growth has been sustainable and faster than all other regions of the world (see fig. 1). This region consists of twenty-three economies but it was just eight who caused most of this amazing growth. The eight were Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, China, (the â€Å"Four Tigers†) Japan and the newly industrialised economies (NIEs) of south-east Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The eight high performing Asian economies (HPAEs) mentioned here will be the focus of this essay. What caused this success in Pacific Asia? What role did public policies play in engineering this rapid growth? How was the human and physical capital accumulated? Most of the high growth in the HPAEs was achieved by getting the basics right. Large human capital and private domestic investment largely powered the growth. High domestic savings levels meant HPAE investment levels remained high. Agriculture experienced rapid growth and improvement of its productivity. HPAEs population growth rate declined faster than in other parts of the developing world. HPAEs were also helped by their labour force being better-educated and having more effective public administration than other developing regions. Another cause of this success, was the development policy used. The policies were made to create a stable framework for private investment while increasing the integrity of the banking system, raising levels of financial savings. Education policies concentrated on primary and secondary schools to create a labour force with better skills. Policies on agriculture pushed productivity without pushing the rural economy. Government intervention was also essential to foster development. The growth of these HPAEs is highly unusual in the developing world. They are highly diverse in culture, resources and population yet they are banded together with some characteristics. They have all had rapid sustained growth with highly equal income distributions. Strong agriculture, rapid demographic changes and export booms. There are two main views of how the HPAEs were so successful. The first is the neo-classical, which stresses getting the basics right. This was providing a strong legal framework to promote competition (domestic and international), the absence of price distortions (e g price controls) and the investment in people, health and education. The second view is of the revisionist, where the government uses state-led development and intervention to achieve growth.

Poetry Analysis of “Anthem for Doomed Youth” Essay

Wilfred Owen’s poem, â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth†, creates a picture of young soldiers in battle dying. Drawing a mental picture of a family at home sharing in the mourning for their lost sibling, the reader feels the grief of this poem. Through the portrait of vanishing soldiers one sees loneliness, as they die alone on the battleground. Effective use of imagery, alliteration, and end rhyme as well as great writing gives the reader a lasting impression. The title, â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth†, fits well for this poem. For the duration of the poem a feeling of death and despair run through the reader’s mind. Though one cannot tell exactly which war the poem stands for, one can hypothesize that it stands for World War I because of the type of warfare the speaker discusses. He discusses machine guns, rifles, and artillery shells falling from the sky like rain which most parallels World War I. This image of soldiers dying due to heavy artillery appears most in the mind of the reader. Feckless soldiers dive into the muck of trenches to save themselves from the â€Å"wailing shells† (7) that â€Å"shrill† (7) over them. Reading this poem puts one in World War I through the great imagery of the speaker; one feels as if he is diving to keep away from the artillery. Titling this poem seems simple since the entire sonnet informs the reader of the hopeless situation for the young soldiers. Praying soldiers â€Å"die as cattle† (1) with no â€Å"passing-bells† (1) as â€Å"their hasty orisons† (4) die with them. An interpretation of this is that if one â€Å"[dies] as cattle† (1) they are dying as animals and dying with no â€Å"passing-bells† (1) means there are no mourning bells which exist at funerals. â€Å"Hasty orisons† (4) means quick prayers which in the sonnet makes them the quick prayers before the soldiers are shot; so if â€Å"their hasty orisons† (4) are â€Å"[pattered] out†, then they have no prayers. The speaker’s diction here sets the gloomy tone and setting throughout the poem. Without any introduction the reader finds himself on the front line. Through great imagery the speaker illustrates a grim tale of battlefield death. In the first octave the speaker makes the reader feel as if he stands shoulder to shoulder with a fellow soldier praying that â€Å"the monstrous anger of the guns† (2) will not leave them decaying on the field. Dying alone on the  field, the boy’s â€Å"hasty orisons† (4) fade away by the â€Å"stuttering rifles’ rapid rattle† (3). Through these images the reader sees how the prayers of young soldiers go on deaf ears with no one around to hear, especially over the â€Å"choirs of wailing shells† (7). Honestly, no one knows of or can acknowledge the fact that the boys die this lonely death, which leaves sadness in the reader’s heart. As in most octaves of poems there lies a proposition in this poem the proposition of a lot of deaths alone on a battlefield becomes the proposal. In further detail the reader sees the flying shells and rifles that bring a stop to the hope and prayers of the soldiers. Following the octave, the sestet brings a result or response to the proposition. Responding to the proposition of dying alone, the reader finds that the young soldiers die alone on a battlefield, but they have already given their â€Å"holy glimmers of goodbyes† (11) to the girls who will cry over their deaths. Crying over these dead soldiers shows that these young boys die in someone’s heart, though they die by themselves physically. Through the illustration of â€Å"the pallor of girls’ brows shall be their pall; / their flowers the tenderness of patient minds† (12-13), the reader sees the poignant funeral of a military man. In the last line of the poem the reader finds out that â€Å"each slow dusk a drawing- down of blinds† (14) occurs, which can have two meanings. One, more sadness reaches the people who love their lost soldier, and another interpretation can be that the â€Å"drawing-down of blinds† (14) displays the soldiers’ eyes closing slowly as he dies. This interpretation of â€Å"the holy glimmers of goodbyes† (11) means the soldier’s eyes right before death have flashes of his funeral back on the home front with â€Å"the pallor of girls’ brows† (12) and â€Å"their pall; / their flowers† (12-13). Within the sestet the reader basically finds that mourning does occur for the death of the young lost soldiers. Throughout the first octave the speaker uses great imagery to illustrate the grim reality of the young boys’ dying on far away battlefields. Also in â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† such devices as alliteration and end rhyme give a flow to the poem. Alliteration occurs when the reader reads â€Å"rifles’ rapid rattle† on line three. Another use of alliteration arises with the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"slow dusk a drawing-down† (14) repeating the sound of words starting with the letter d. Using the alliteration of the r and d sound gives the reader a better feel for the sound of what occurs at that point in the poem. Reading â€Å"rifles’ rapid rattle† (3) gives the sound of the rifle shooting very well. Throughout the poem the use of end rhyme transpires with the rhyme scheme of ABABCDCD EFFEGG. Although this rhyme scheme appears to be Petrarchan because of the octave and sestet, it does not have the same scheme as Petrarchan. Shakespearian scheme occurs in the octave and the last two lines of the sestet, but it does not take place in the first four lines of the sestet, and it does not have the correct format of three quatrains and a couplet. In conclusion this poem displays a grim look on the truth about war and its affect on the young soldiers who participate in it. Displaying this truth through great imagery, Wilfred Owen brings a candid opinion of what occurs during war. Through these literary devices such as alliteration, end rhyme, and imagery Owen creates a vivid picture and gripping description of â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth†.

The Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease which affects the nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. It causes damage the myelin sheath, the material that surrounds and protects nerve cells (Marieb, 2012). This damage slows down the process in which the brain relays messages to the rest of the body, leading to a variety of symptoms. Some of the most common include pain and numbness; fatigue; walking, balance, and coordination problems; bladder and bowel dysfunction; vision problems; cognitive dysfunction; emotional changes and depression (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, n. . ). Though the exact cause of MS is unknown, it’s widely thought to be an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body (Marieb, 2012). In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks it. The disease affects women more than men, often beginning sometime between the ages of 20 to 40. Recently, a study found that the incidence of MS appears to be higher in African American women than in caucasians, contradicting previous findings (Langer-Gould, Brara, Beaber, & Zhang, 2013). The disease is usually mild; however, some people lose the ability to write, speak and/or walk. No cause or cure for MS has been found. It remains a mysterious disease with no known pathogen or even known determinants of its severity and course. Three recently published studies say that salt may play a role in MS and other autoimmune diseases, although no study has found a direct link between high salt intake and increased incidence of MS. On a more peculiar note, researchers in England have been investigating how the month of birth (May and November) affects the chances of having MS later in life. It’s thought that it could have something to do with climate, sunlight, and intake of vitamin D (Disanto et al. , 2013). Many of the medicines available for use by MS patients only slow the progress of the disease. The most common treatments involve interferons. Interferons are a group of natural proteins (beta, alpha, gamma) that are produced by human cells in response to viral infection and other stimuli (NMSS, n. d. ). The FDA has approved three treatments in the form of beta interferon called Avonex, Betaseron, and Rebif. Beta interferon has been shown to reduce the number of exacerbations and may slow the progression of physical disability (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2012). When attacks do occur, they tend to be shorter and less severe. A synthetic form of myelin basic protein, copolymer I, has also been approved and it has few side effects. For more severe or chronic cases, an immunosuppressant treatment (mitoxantrone) has been approved. While steroids do not affect the course of MS over time, they can reduce the duration and severity of attacks in some patients. Spasticity, which can occur either as a sustained stiffness caused by increased muscle tone or as spasms that come and go, is usually treated with muscle relaxants and tranquilizers (NINDS, 2012). Patients can also help control symptoms through adequate physical activity and occupational therapy. Exercise, especially stretching exercises, helps relieve stiffness and promote flexibility and mobility. With advances in the understanding of the brain come advances towards developing a cure for Multiple sclerosis. Improved ability to create images of the living brain and spinal cord, new understanding of the brain's capacity for repair, and an overall accelerated pace of new discoveries about the cellular machinery of the brain have lead to new therapeutic strategies. These strategies include gene therapy, stem cell transplantation, and neuroprotection strategies (Joy & Johnston, 2001). Very recently, a biotechnology company developed a new MS drug based on peginterferon beta-1a. Studies of peginterferon beta-1a show that, when injected under the skin either every two or four weeks, reduced the relapse rate significantly more than placebo in a study of 1500 people with relapsing MS (Biogen Idec, 2013). Myelin and the cells that make myelin, called oligodendrocytes, are the main focus of many MS studies. Scientists and medical research organizations (such as The Myelin Project) are trying to find ways to stimulate myelin regeneration in patients by uncovering the mechanisms involved in myelin regeneration. Once discovered, they could eventually be translated to promising new therapeutic approaches to restore function in people with MS.

Return of the Jedi by George Lucas

Return of the Jedi by George Lucas Patrick RonanMay 14, 2014Steven SaccoSalvation HistoryStar Wars: Apocalyptic DaysConsidered to be one of the greatest film sagas of all time, Star Wars is not without its share of comparisons with apocalyptic literature. Whether or not George Lucas intentionally put these in here or not, they are there. While there are many examples of it, the three big ones take place at the beginning, middle, and the end of the movie. But these apocalyptic themes are not connected to one another to form a big picture. But each of them does show a connection between Star Wars and apocalyptic literature.The beginning one is a line you all know. "A Long Time Ago in a Galaxy Far Far Away." This is the first one included because it is a historical quote and everyone knows it. The way this relates to apocalyptic literature is that it says that the film is written in retrospect; even though the technology is too advanced to take place in the past.A portrait of George Lucas, Pasadena, California, ...Anothe r reason as to how it relates to apocalyptic literature is that says "in a Galaxy Far Far Away," which could mean a celestial level; or in layman's terms, a godly battle. The next correlation is a bit less historically known, the part where the alliance is trapped between the Death Star and Star Destroyers.This correlation is about the apocalyptic themes of when the rebels are trapped. This is a major part of apocalyptic themes because of two reasons. One, it show that they need to fight, even though many will die, and that there will be hope afterwards; this is shown by how the forced field around the Death Star is deactivated after about 15 movie minutes of being destroyed. The second reason is it is a...

Doing Interviews with Anonymous Sources

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The Middle Class in Urban Britain 1780-1900 Essay

The Middle Class in Urban Britain 1780-1900 - Essay Example Naturally, such a social grouping has to have an organized way of association and this very often involves the formation of exclusive member clubs only for those that can sustain the cost of operation of such a grouping. These clubs formed the base in which the members could not only cool off away from the prying eyes of the media and the lower class but also for communication with like minded individuals. These individuals very often felt that they had the obligation to dictate policy to the rest of the citizenry and very often, the major decisions that affected the society in general stemmed from meetings in exclusive locations. In many occasions, the people that were charged with managing large manufacturer factories were often quoted as saying that the common people, who encompassed their workers, could not understand the intellectual power and the physical energy that was put by a single individual in order to manage a large number of people and to do it efficiently and effectiv ely. Structurally as well as anything, this study does not aim to depict the middle class in the 19th century Britain as a homogeneous grouping. In fact, in many ways, this paper will show that this group of people was manifest in many forms and with a myriad of problems associated with it. The strength of having an unpredictable middle class is that there will ultimately be a balance in all functions of society including the economic and political functions. Organization of the middle class... These individuals very often felt that they had the obligation to dictate policy to the rest of the citizenry and very often, the major decisions that affected the society in general stemmed from meetings in exclusive locations. In many occasions, the people that were charged with managing large manufacturer factories were often quoted as saying that the common people, who encompassed their workers, could not understand the intellectual power and the physical energy that was put by a single individual in order to manage a large number of people and to do it efficiently and effectively. Structurally as well as anything, this study does not aim to depict the middle class in the 19th century Britain as a homogeneous grouping. In fact, in many ways, this paper will show that this group of people was manifest in many forms and with a myriad of problems associated with it. The strength of having an unpredictable middle class is that there will ultimately be a balance in all functions of so ciety including the economic and political functions. Organization of the middle class That the middle class in Britain in the 19th century had immense financial muscle is not in doubt. However, even the elite also have an elite grouping among themselves. This means that the middle class was in turn broken down into two groupings with one being regarded as big and the other as petty. This class of people had to work out the differences within their own structure. In order for them to gain political and religious rights, they had to work through the difficulty of compromise. While the middle class was working through the differences that they had, there was hostility from the rest of the society. This may have arisen from the need for political and other leadership that would drive the

Criminology Case Study - Mass Murder Research Paper

Criminology Case Study - Mass Murder - Research Paper Example This time of murders mostly occur in single locations where victims are killed by the murderer. The aim of this paper will be explaining the crime of mass murder and its relationship with the above three theories. A case in point will be on a mass murder of an individual who shot dead 12 movie goers in a movie theatre in Denver. James E.Holmes is accused of acting alone in the incident. According to Burke (2009), a mass murder can be committed by an individual or by organizations. This type of mass shootings has in recent times increased in number and magnitude. Shootings are occurring in schools and other social places in alarming frequency. Innocent children and adults have lost their lives due to indiscriminate mass shootings. After carrying out investigations, the FBI concluded that Holmes was acting alone. Crimes have a background and objectivity to occurrence (Carole et al, 2010) and this paper will try understanding the crime of mass murders from this perspective. The Crime Th e suspect, Holmesis accuse of indiscriminately shooting 12 victims dead and seriously injuring 58 others in a movie theatre in Denver Colorado. Holmes legally bought guns and ammunition in the Denver area and proceeded to a movie theatre that was screening a movie by the title â€Å"The Dark Knight Rises†. ... According to the law, Holmes faces charges of mass murder among other charges and accordingly faces a life sentence in jail if found guilty. Hagan (2010) explains that crimes are committed by criminals and therefore Holmes could be inadvertently a serialized criminal even though his criminal past only consisted of a single traffic summon.According to Fox & Levin (2012), over 90% Americans of Americans advocate for background checks on individual who purchase arms as a way of controlling who owns arms.Crimes of this nature have and still continue to occur. Mass murders are becoming a common scenario in the everyday life of American Citizens. There has been a gradual increase in use of lethal force during these incidents. The reason behind an individual taking up arms and killing fellow humans according to Brent &Kraska (2013) can be attributed to personality as well social structures around the individual among other factors. In light of these factors, the three theories shed light on the reason behind this crime of mass shootings. Rational Theory Starting with the rational theory that seeks to explain the reason why individuals behave the way they do, especially so for criminal related behaviors. According to (Hagan, 2010), blame is directed toward personal choice as the reason behind crime. An individual like Holmes might have carried out the mass shootings in the movie theatre out of personal choice. The authorities determined that Holmes was working alone and therefore there could be incidents of persuasion on him. Welsh (2008)states that human beings are rational and thus individuals choose behavior, criminal on otherwise, based purely on rationality. The basis of this rational behavior is an analysis on cost versus benefit of choice.