10 Effects of Smoking in Health Free Essays

10 Effects of Smoking in Health Are you mindful about impacts of smoking propensity? Logical investigations uncover that smoking causes present moment just as long haul consequences for wellbeing. American Lung Association says smoking effects around 9 million individuals in U. S alone, and it causes the passing of around 450,000 people for each year. We will compose a custom paper test on 10 Effects of Smoking in Health or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Malignancy is a typical genuine danger of smoking. It additionally causes a few stylish issues, cardiovascular issues, respiratory issues and conceptive medical issues. This article talks about different negative impacts of smoking. 1. Respiratory Health Effects †Tobacco contains a few poisonous substances that harm our lungs and other respiratory organ while breathing in. It truly influences larynx and trachea which thus bring about the lasting slaughtering of lungs. Long haul smoking causes cruel symptoms like constant obstructive pneumonic sickness, lung malignant growth, emphysema and ceaseless bronchitis. 2. Cardiovascular Health Effects †Smoking causes the narrowing of veins and conduits by keeping a few poisonous substances. This influences their ordinary working, and causes hypertension. Drawn out smoking step by step prompts nerve issues blood clumps, which may bring about coronary failures or strokes. 3. Vision Health Effects †Smoking messes vision up like macular degeneration and waterfalls. Explores show that drawn out smoking causes serious vision issues that may even bring about visual deficiency. 4. Regenerative Health Effects †Smoking causes less creation of estrogenâ hormone that is connected to barrenness in ladies. Untimely birth, unexpected newborn child passing condition (SIDS), under weight issues, and early menopause are basic conceptive impacts in ladies. Long haul smoking causes impotency in men. 5. Skin Health Effects †Premature maturing, yellowish skin and wrinkles are usually discovered symptoms of smoking. Skin harm is legitimately connected to smoking since it limits the satisfactory blood stream in skin. Dominant part of dependent smokers lose their hunger and decrease the admission of food. Deficient nourishment and food propensities bring about genuine wellbeing consequences for skin. 6. Mental Effects †smoking has addictive symptoms since it contains Nicotine. Greater part of smokers accept that smoking causes them to feel alleviation. Nonetheless, truth is that smoking causes a few addictive issues, which may bring about melancholy and tension. 7. Assimilation Problems †Smoking messes acid reflux up, liver harm, decreased hunger, crohn’s malady and ulcers. Long haul smoking outcomes in the harm of throat, and that causes indigestion heart-consume issues. Crohn’s illness is a serious digestive system infection that causes loose bowels, stomach torment, and so forth 8. Respiratory Alignments †Health and Human Services of U. S uncovers that smokers are progressively inclined to respiratory arrangements like influenza, pneumonia, cold, bronchitis, and so forth. They additionally take longer recuperation time contrasted with typical people. 9. Athletic Performance Issues †Smoking influences the physical wellness of a person. Long haul smokers are increasingly inclined to wounds and mishaps. Smokers have diminished ability to produce adequate muscle cell collagen to create muscles. 10. Different Effects †Smoking causes horrendous personal stench and terrible breath too. Since smokers have diminished smell sense, they may not think about it as an issue. There are around 5 million individuals on the planet kick the bucket in every year from the impacts of smoking. Smoking is a pointless wellbeing peril that causes genuine impacts. Stopping this propensity isn't simple. Be that as it may, when you quit smoking you spare your wellbeing as well as our condition! The most effective method to refer to 10 Effects of Smoking in Health, Essay models

If the Clothes Fit, Wear It Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On the off chance that the Clothes Fit, Wear It - Essay Example At the point when the mother went to the entryway, I saw the lady’s face radiating with such a great amount of delight as she gave the natural product bin to my mother. I recollect her colloquialism a lot of thank you’s to my mother as my mother charitably said that she was just happy that she could assist. At the point when the woman with the organic product bushel left, mother revealed to me that the woman was the little girl of one of her patients in the emergency clinic who has quite recently as of late recouped. I recollect my teacher disclosing to us that medical attendants assume a significant job in the network since they help specialists and deal with wiped out individuals. That second when the woman with the organic product container came, I came to acknowledge precisely what my teacher implied. That was likewise the second that I disclosed to myself that sometime in the future, I would wear the equivalent flawlessly white garments, help specialists and deal w ith wiped out individuals. Since the time that day, I have attempted my best and buckled down in attempting to achieve my objective of some time or another being much the same as my mom. As an authorized professional medical caretaker, I have come to acknowledge life and all that it brings to the table, including the great and the not very great. Nursing is certifiably not a monetarily remunerating calling. It is depleting truly, intellectually and inwardly.

Moms Last Laugh

Moms Last Laugh Consumed by my loss, I didnt notice the hardness of the pew where I sat. I was at the funeral of my dearest friend â€" my mother. She finally had lost her long battle with cancer.  The hurt was so intense, I found it hard to breathe at times.Always supportive, mother clapped loudest at my school plays, held a box of tissues while listening to my first heartbreak, comforted me at my fathers death, encouraged me in college, and prayed for me my entire life.When mothers illness was diagnosed, my sister had a new baby and my brother had recently married his childhood sweetheart, so it fell on me, the 27-year-old middle child without entanglements, to take care of her. I counted it an honor. What now, Lord? I asked sitting in church. My life stretched out before meas an empty abyss. My brother sat stoically with his face toward the cross while clutching his wifes hand.My sister sat slumped against her husbands shoulder, his arms around her as she cradled their child. All so deeply grievi ng, no one noticed I sat alone. My place had been with our mother, preparing her meals, helping her walk, taking her to the doctor, seeing to her medication, reading the Bible together. Now she was with the Lord. My work was finished and I was alone.I heard a door open and slam shut at the back of the church. Quick footsteps hurried along the carpeted floor. An exasperated young man looked around briefly and then sat next to me. He folded his hands and placed them on his lap. His eyes were brimming with tears.He began to sniffle.  Im late, he explained, though no explanation was necessary. After several eulogies, he leaned over and commented, Why do they keep calling Mary by the name of Margaret?Oh Because that was her name, Margaret. Never Mary. No one called her Mary, I whispered. I wondered why this person couldnt have sat on the other side of the church. He interrupted my grieving with his tears and fidgeting. Who was this stranger anyway?No, that isnt correct, he insisted, as s everal people glanced over at us whispering, Her name is Mary, Mary Peters.That isnt who this is, I replied..Isnt this the Lutheran church?No, the Lutheran church is across the street.Oh.I believe youre at the wrong funeral, Sir.The solemnness of the occasion mixed with the realization of the mans mistake bubbled up inside me and came out as laughter.I cupped my hands over my face, hoping it would be interpreted as sobs.The creaking pew gave me away. Sharp looks from other mourners only made the situation seem more hilarious. I peeked at the bewildered, misguided man seated beside me.He was laughing, too, as he glanced around, deciding it was too late for an uneventful exit.I imagined mother laughing.At the final Amen, we darted out a door and into the parking lot. I do believe well be the talk of the town, he smiled. He said his name was Rick and since he had missed his aunts funeral, asked me out for a cup of coffee.That afternoon began a lifelong journey for me with this man who attended the wrong funeral, but was in the right place.A year after our meeting, we were married at a country church where he was the assistant pastor. This time we both arrived at the same church, right on time. In my time of sorrow, God gave me laughter. In place of loneliness, God gave me love. This past June we celebrated our twenty-second wedding anniversary. Whenever anyone asks us how we met, Rick tells them, Her mother and my Aunt Mary introduced us, and its truly a match made in heaven.Author Unknown

Budget Deficit in Vietnam from 2008 - 2012 - 5259 Words

TABLE OF CONTENT I. Definition and Current Situation in Vietnam 3 I.1.What is budget deficit 3 a. Definition 3 b. How to measure 3 I.2.Overview the budget deficit in Viet Nam for the latest 5 years 4 II. Factors influencing budget deficit in Vietnam 4 II.1 State Budget Revenue 4 a. High tax rate 4 b. Revenues from unsustainable non tax resources 5 II.2 State Budget Spending 6 a. High public spending continuously 6 b. Widely spread public investment 6 c. Low investment efficiency from the SOE sector 7 III. Impact of Budget Deficit to Macroeconomic Variables in Theory and Practice 8 III.1 Inflation 8 III.2 Interest rate 8 III.3 Trade balance exchange rate 9 III.4 Economic Growth 10 IV. Recommendations for†¦show more content†¦Deficits are financed by borrowings that itself increase the debt. If the ratio debt-to-GDP gets too high, investors will worry that the government will either default on this debt or will devaluate by monetising its debt and in this way engineer a high inflation rate. According to the Maastricht Treaty, the EU countries should not have a budget deficit higher than 3% of the GDP and a debt higher than 60% of the GDP. I.2.Overview the budget deficit in Viet Nam for the latest 5 years Macroeconomic Report 2012 titled â€Å"from macroeconomic instability to restructuring† released by the National Assembly’s Economic Committee announced that Vietnam’s state budget deficit and public debts have increased rapidly. The report (Figure 1 Annex) pointed out that the country has suffered constantly increasing the state budget deficit for more than a decade. Particularly, the average state budget deficit (excluding repayments for Vietnam’s original debts) in the 2003 – 2007 period was only 1.3 percent of GDP, but this figure had more than doubled to 2.7 percent of GDP in the 2008 – 2012 period. Especially in recent years, ongoing budget deficits have led to the rapid growth of public debt. Vietnam’s total public debts have increased from about 40 percent of GDP in late 2007 to 57 percent of GDP at the end of 2010 and only declined slightly in 2011. At the same time, Vietnam’s foreign debts have surgedShow MoreRelatedThe National Debt Of The United States Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we talk about national deficit and surplus we refer to the government budget balance from year to year, not a cumulative total of all debt. I want to review the background of the US debt, how it has reached its all-time highs along with the components, our obligations, measurements, risks, and foreign holdings and also discuss if there are causes for concern. Background The â€Å"Nixon Shock† as it’s referred to, is said to have opened up the door for our large deficit. Before President Nixon removedRead MoreExport And Import Markets And Trade Balance Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesDollar 0.000105 9481.559315 Swiss Franc 0.000075 13342.599438 Malaysian Ringgit 0.000329 3044.057124 Japanese Yen 0.008360 119.614523 10. Government Deficits and Debt Figure 15. Government budget deficit trend of Indonesia In 2015, Indonesia’s Government budget deficit was 2.53 percent of the country s Gross Domestic Product. The budget reached to an all-time high level of 3.02 % in 1995 and a record low of -2.53 in 2015. Figure 16. Debt to GDP trend of Indonesia Indonesian Government’sRead MoreVietnam : A Successful Development Process2161 Words   |  9 PagesMacroeconomic Overview of Vietnam Vietnam has gone through a successful development process, known to be one of south east Asia’s fastest growing economy and could possibly become a developed nation by 2020 (BBC News, 2014). Vietnam was once one of the poorest countries in the world in 1986 with per capita income below $100. As of present, Vietnam has transformed into a lower middle income country with per capita income of $1,960 by 2013 (The World Bank, 2014). Vietnam’s GDP per capita have beenRead MoreWas the Vietnam War Necessary?1771 Words   |  8 PagesThe Vietnam War was not necessary Donna Baker COM/172 Version 3 October 29, 2012 Donna Hooley The Vietnam War started in 1954 with the defeat of the French and ended in 1975 with the fall and withdrawal of Saigon. The United States’ (U.S.’s) involvement in the Vietnam War started in 1963 with support of weapons, military training, advisement, and supplies until 1965 when U.S. troops went into battle with the North Vietnamese (Szczepanski, n.d.). American troops did not pull out of the war untilRead MoreFiscal Deficits And Government Debts3391 Words   |  14 PagesFiscal deficits and Government Debts. The growth of government debt can have disastrous consequences for an economy in the long-run. How can one explain these occurrences and how, if at all, can they be stopped or prevented? When federal revenues and government spending are equal in a given fiscal year, then the government has a balanced budget. When the revenues are greater than spending, the result is a surplus. But if government spending is greater than tax collections, the result is a deficitRead MoreThe United States Foreign Aid to Developing Countries: A Research Report1679 Words   |  7 PagesThis aid comes in the form of money, food, humanitarian work, and military assistance. The countries who receive the foreign aid certainly need assistance, but do not always use the aid wisely. Now that our country is undergoing serious fiscal deficits, the nations costly foreign aid commitments must be reexamined. Thesis: The U.S. should stop giving foreign aid because the original purpose of foreign aid, to stop the threat of Communism, has expired. Foreign aid given for economic developmentRead MoreThe Past During The 19th Century1771 Words   |  8 Pagestime our economy was colonial. Our investments had first come from France and then Britain. Growth was established on exports of natural resources like furs, fish, lumber, wheat, and minerals, while our imports were of manufactured goods. By the 19th Century, our Canadian economy started to reconstruct from colonial to a continental one. In the 1840s, Britain withdrew from the Commercialism systems that have given priority to imports from the colonies, including Canada. In return, Canada looked toRead MoreLife Expectancy At The Philippines1795 Words   |  8 Pagesdependency ratio will hover below 10% until it starts rising to 14% around 2050. Conclusion Unlike Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam, the Philippines have a relatively complicated benefit calculation. Replacement rates were too high for non-high earners, up to 78.1% for an average earner, therefore not achieving the pension goal of providing old-age financial security. Learning from the Philippines, we see that actuarial valuations need to be done every few years to review the sustainability of the pensionRead MoreMgm Resorts International Case Study1684 Words   |  7 Pagesvenues. After part of the recession, only the gaming was hit harder than expected, and it is recovering slower than projected. Internationally, MGM is working to offset a weak dollar with new growth ventures in China and Vietnam and has experienced higher than anticipated returns from its Macau (China) property. MGM began in the 1960’s under the leadership of Kirk Kerkorian. In 1973, Kirk opened the MGM Grand Las Vegas on The Strip with 2100 rooms. The late 80’s and early 90’s had several venturesRead MoreShould South Africa Stay with BRICS and CIVETS or Focus on Africa?2056 Words   |  8 Pagesemerging markets, and none in Africa. In me essay I’ll be discussing whether South Africa should stay with these emerging markets or rather focus on Africa. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and CIVETS (Columbia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa) are all examples of some of the emerging markets in the world. BRICS are the world’s largest emerging markets and CIVETS are the second largest emerging markets in the world. Emerging markets are also known as; emerging

Preconceived Notions of Western-Europe - 1165 Words

Preconceived notions of Western-European forms of kinship and societal relations influence anthropological studies of kinship in different cultures (Schneider). Morgan theorized that a sexual relationship between female and male constituted marriage. In addition to this, Morgan considered the biological reproduction of offspring the key determinant in kinship classification as parents of said offspring. This paradigm has influenced the viewpoint of anthropologists’ studying other forms of kinship in different cultures. Rather than examining what kinship is to those being studied, anthropologists attempt to classify it into familiar categories. Two ethnographies that attempt eliminate this Western-European bias are â€Å"Biology Unmoored† by Sandra Bamford and â€Å"Sport of Kings† by Rebecca Cassidy. â€Å"Biology Unmoored† examines the Kamea, an indigenous people of the Papa New Guinea Highlands. The Kamea do not solely base kinship on reproduction; rathe r, kinship and societal relations are based on the human relationship with the plant environment. Using the viewpoint of the Kamea, Bamford analyzes the biological paradigm proposed by Morgan, which has influenced many anthropological studies. In the ethnography â€Å"Sport of Kings† Rebecca Cassidy examines the British racing industry in Newmarket, the international headquarters of horse racing. Cassidy claims that by analyzing the relationship between humans and animals we may better understand kinship and social relations between humans. ByShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of James L Gelvin s Book, The Modern Middle East876 Words   |  4 Pagesdeny that the occurrence of one country occupying another, that country leaves its’ â€Å"footprint† on the other. Thusly, Gelvin’s crux is to challenge the reader’s notions of the Middle East by focusing on the dialectic between the history of the Middle East recounted by the Middle East and the history of the Middle East narrated by Western Powers (i.e. Britain, France, and the U.S.). Through a globalized lens of Middle Eastern history, the region opens up to assessment in identical means as any otherRead MoreTheme Of Oppression In Jane Eyre1088 Words   |  5 Pagesportrayed in the novel holistically relies on historical society to serve as its backbone. The history of Victorian society is utilized within the novel in order to depict the England that Bronte had grown accustomed too, as well challenge the preconceived notions held dear in nineteenth century England. Bronte’s early life is clearly reflected within Jane Eyre, as Jane experiences a similar upbringing as a member of the lower class. Jane was adopted into the Reed family following the death of her biologicalRead MoreThree Western Religions and their View on Women: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam636 Words   |  3 PagesMy paper studies the three most significant and most commonly known western religion Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in terms of the role that the woman played and a brief synopsis of the religions itself. Religion is a system of human though which usually includes a set of narratives, symbols, beliefs and practices that give meaning to the practitioner’s experiences of life through reference to a higher power, deity, or ultimate truth. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are the only religions thatRead MoreWhile Generally, People Aim For Truth In The Pursuit Of1540 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced the region while discrediting Arab culture and ideas. 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Marjane’s life eventually plummeted leadingRead MoreA Review of Nancy Fasers Rethinking the Public Sphere1000 Words   |  4 Pagesa response to Habermas 1973 essay, later published in English as The Public Sphere in 1989. Habermas states his co ncept of the public sphere as both historical, and normative. It is historical both in the sense of era and region- 20th century Western Europe. He dismantles the distinctions between the public and private domain. According to Habermas, man should be autonomous from the state and the civil society, but he feels that public-ness is degenerating due to the advent of theRead MoreA Review of Nancy Fasers Rethinking the Public Sphere1007 Words   |  5 Pagesa response to Habermas 1973 essay, later published in English as The Public Sphere in 1989. Habermas states his concept of the public sphere as both historical, and normative. It is historical both in the sense of era and region- 20th century Western Europe. He dismantles the distinctions between the public and private domain. According to Habermas, man should be autonomous from the state and the civil society, but he feels that public-ness is degenerating due to the advent of the massRead MoreThe Humanitarian Intervention And International Aid2827 Words   |  12 Pagesaid provided by Western forces to combat diseases such as ebola and AIDS reinforce already preconceived patriarchal notions of Africa as the afflicted continent. From the colonial era leading up to the present day, Africa has been constantly afflicted in one form or another by various types of lethal disease including but certainly not limited to ebola and AIDS. The epidemics caused by these diseases have often been considered to necessitate outside intervention namely by Western influences. PerceivedRead MorePacific Geopolitics During The 21st Century1788 Words   |  8 Pagespoints/arguments (from Orientalism) and the extent to which these are relevant to the Pacific. Hayley Catlow Introduction Orientalism tries to answer the question of why, when we think of the Orient, we have a preconceived notion of what kind of people live there, what they believe, and how they act; even when we may have never been there or met anyone from there. Said argues that the way we acquire this knowledge is not objective, but rather the end result of a processRead MoreThe Economic And Social Structure Of Africa1661 Words   |  7 Pagespredictions and decisions. One of the world’s oldest boats was found in Nigeria (Emeagwali 2015). Boats are very important for economics because they are relied upon for trade. Africa had a great influence on the economy of Europe. Africa was â€Å"the major source of gold for Europe before the conquest of the Americas- from the empires of Ghana and Mali† (Emeagwali 2015). Control of the gold trade â€Å"was a major stimulus behind the founding of the state† (Shillington 2012: 104). The rulers of Mali had

Kate Chopin’s Life in Writing Free Essays

The life of Kate Chopin was an interesting tale of struggle and perseverance in an area of the country where things were quite difficult. Growing up around the turn of the twentieth century, Chopin had to put up with a difficult life in addition to the usual challenges that went along with being a woman at the time. Unlike in today’s time, women did not have many rights, nor did they have many opportunities when Chopin was growing up. We will write a custom essay sample on Kate Chopin’s Life in Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now As with the majority of great writers during that time, life experiences were important. Not only did Chopin draw from her experiences to come up with story ideas and character ideas, but she took some very specific instances to create stories. Though all of her works had some elements of this held within, there are two works that specifically highlight some of her more difficult life experiences and speak to the overall struggle of women during her time. In her works, Desiree’s Baby and The Story of an Hour, readers get to not only read a great story, but also understand how one woman’s struggle to overcome can impact the way that she writes. In order to understand the references in her work, a person has to understand exactly what she went to during various portions of her life. The one overriding theme in her life was loss. As evidenced by a article on Kate Chopin from A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, the woman had trouble keeping a man around in her life. This does not mean that she was divorced or had men leave her, either. Instead, almost every meaningful man in her life died in a difficult fashion. Her father was one of the leading railroad men around the turn of the century and he lost his life on the rail when one of his tracks collapsed. Kate Chopin was only five years old at the time, so she had to live the majority of her life without a father figure. The bad luck did not stop there for Chopin, either. Her half-brother passed away from a rare case of swamp fever when she was young, as well. When Chopin married a few years later at the age of 20, she had married a man who she thought would take the place of her brother and her father. He did her no favor by racking up a huge amount of debt and subsequently passing away from swamp fever, as well. Those things alone were enough to nearly drive her over the edge and created a really difficult life that was much harder than what most of her contemporaries had to go through. In a way, this set her up as a strong woman and prepared her to take on many of the challenges that faced women of her era, though. It is from this struggle that Chopin’s great works arose. Another aspect of Kate Chopin’s life that must be taken into account is the racism and inequality that she had to face. She was of Creole origin, which was one of the factions of society that was looked down upon by everyone else around them. In Desiree’s Baby, these themes of racism are presented quickly and succinctly. In the story, things change dramatically when it is realized that her baby, and subsequently Desiree, are not actually white. The more telling thing is what follows in the book. It is telling that she tries frantically to convince her husband that she is white. This is the most important thing to her. In the work, Chopin writes, â€Å"A quick conception of all that this accusation meant for her nerved her with unwonted courage to deny it. â€Å"It is a lie; it is not true, I am white! Look at my hair, it is brown; and my eyes are gray, Armand, you know they are gray. And my skin is fair,† seizing his wrist. â€Å"Look at my hand, whiter than yours, Armand,† she laughed hysterically† (Chopin, p.2). Though this is not exactly how Chopin’s life went down, she does draw from her experiences. In addition to the idea of racism, one can view the desperation to keep a man around as a commentary on her life. Chopin lost many of the men in her life for various reasons and that can be seen in Desiree’s story. Not only is she distraught about the realization that she and her baby are not white, but she also worries that her man will leave her because of it. This is the most important thing for her character, so this might be an indication of what Chopin finds important. Though the reference to her life can be seen in that story, it can be seen even greater in another one of her stories. The Story of an Hour is the most telling story that shows how much the author was impacted by the experiences of her life. Interestingly, the reader gets an indication in the first sentence of what the author is thinking. In that sentence, she writes, â€Å"Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death† (Chopin). Not only does her own experience of losing her husband play a role in shaping the story, but the pain of losing him also plays a role. She has been there in that situation, so she knows all too well that losing a husband is one of the most difficult things a person can go through. Though it is not exactly clear who the author is talking about in much of the story, there are times when it appears that she is representing herself in many of the lines. At one point, Chopin writes of the struggle when she writes, â€Å"She was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought† (Chopin). From this, the reader can come away with some sense of what Chopin may have been going through with her experiences in her life. From the words, the struggle seems to be too much to overcome. Overall, the two stories present different struggles, which is something that really shows how much she had to go through in her life. Most people would consider losing three men as big a challenge as any person should ever have to face. That was obviously not the case for Chopin, though. Her experiences shaped who she became in a number of different ways, including her struggles with female equality. During her time, being a successful writer was not a given for a woman, even if that woman had all of the talent and resources to succeed in the business. While she was having to put up with all of the problems of her life, she also had to try to put up a fight against the people who refused to take her seriously. Her entire career was a struggle to balance the emotions that she had to face. She had to feel pain for what was going on with her husband, her father, and her brother, but she could not readily show that. It was a very brave move including her life experiences in her works because that was not exactly an accepted tactic. By doing that, she opened up herself to lots of criticism, but it was something that made her a memorable writer. Overall, much of Kate Chopin’s life can be seen through her works. If a person takes the time to sit down and study her life, then they would see that she had to face a lot. From facing that adversity, she became strong enough to overcome some of the racism and the discrimination that plagued other writers during her time. She allows herself to show some emotion and to be a human, but she never lets her guard down so much that people can take advantage of her. That strength is reflected in her work and it’s the thing that makes them so interesting. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour. 1894. Chopin, Kate. Desiree’s Baby. 1893. â€Å"Kate O’Flaherty Chopin†, A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, Vol. I (1988), p. 176 How to cite Kate Chopin’s Life in Writing, Essay examples

Worlds Harlan Ellison. Volume 2. On the path to oblivion Review Essay Example

Worlds Harlan Ellison. Volume 2. On the path to oblivion Review Paper Essay on Worlds Harlan Ellison. Volume 2. On the path to oblivion It looks like Harlan Ellison who has tipchik. I do not even know what life is his wife. I think somewhere between morning coffee and daily lynching negligent publishers or those who do right, Allison !, trampled he likes to grumble at home. Although it may be all the bile he spends numerous disassembly and houses they reigns idyll? Actually, what am I doing? And the fact that in numerous forewords to the stories or the authors notes Allison likes to point out that he is still the ugly bastard. And that he seems to like it. For example the text looks like Toto, were not in Kansas is devoted to the story of how Allison worked on the script for a science-fiction series. And how was prokinut producer completely bury both the original plan, but dopoluchil their money, as he was offended by the customer how to use it struggled, and how was glad to lose 93 thousand dollars, but to see Hollywood boss decided his prokinut in deep shit . Yeah, something, and Allison is able to gloat. As part of the hazard, the old man, I think could easily compete with Voltaire, also famous for its quarrelsomeness We will write a custom essay sample on Worlds Harlan Ellison. Volume 2. On the path to oblivion Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Worlds Harlan Ellison. Volume 2. On the path to oblivion Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Worlds Harlan Ellison. Volume 2. On the path to oblivion Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But if Toto. a special case, please, from the pen of Harlan came and a special driving nails. The essay on anger and hatred, written by a master of the genre. Here Harlan nightingale poured that in war all means are good, but also to bend the stick still not worth it. Therefore, the first rule of revenge is: Never start with a hydrogen bomb. What, however, it means that a bomb just worth to reserve the last. But, for pristruneniya negligent publisher violating clause of the contract fit attraction assassin like intimidation element, and mailing lists, consisting of several hundred bricks bricks for 10-40 MMA separate parcels a day. And as the apotheosis descend and dead rat sent mail is not fast. It seems that Allison is still a skunk, and the man who was supposed to be digested in their own bile. But, squirt, only refers to the study by researchers claiming to troublemakers and grumbler live longer. Yet, whatever the disgusting hatred and anger, to write about these matters in which Allison dock can. Yes he can. Im sure Allison could even write a shopping list so that the aforesaid read is a pleasure. His remarkable hard grumpy humor, which is hard to find in his artistic works truly reigns in many lyrical digressions and author comments Read literary kitchen Harlan Ellison:. It seems that Toto that we are not in Kansas driving in of nails. The essay on anger and revenge, written by a master of the genre

African Americans and Freedom essays

African Americans and Freedom essays In 1865, after the  Civil War, the United States became a united and powerful nation with a strong national government. Andrew Johnson set policies which were different for black and white people. According to Walter L. Fleming in The Mississippi Black Code," laws were passed after the  Civil War  that drastically limited civil rights  and the liberties  of black people. In the beginning, freedmen and black people faced discrimination, violence, and segregation, but black leaders continued working diligently and with the passage of time, equality took form. Black Code is used to refer to legislation which was passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor and movement of slaves.  During 1865, every Southern state passed Black Codes that restricted the  freedman. These codes gave African Americans certain rights: such as legalized marriage, ownership of property and limited access to the courts, but denied them the rights to testify against whites, to serve on juries or in state militias, or to vote and express legal concern publicly. This document was written by Fleming during 1906 1907. The author wrote this article to explain the history of black people and about their troubles they had faced during the reconstruction period. When white people make their government, they made their own rules. According to Vagrant Law in sec 2, state of Mississippi required all black persons to sign yearly labor contract but not white citizens. The reason was that white people wanted to keep black people under their controls. They want to keep all black people as slave. Thats why black people used to get low wages and they could not leave the job because if they did, they would have been arrested and got fined, which was more than 10 dollars and less than 100 dollars. Furthermore, they were facing discrimination for everything. Freedmen and black people were not allowed to marry white girls. If ...

Diminish, Decline, and Dwindle

Diminish, Decline, and Dwindle Diminish, Decline, and Dwindle Diminish, Decline, and Dwindle By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Can you please post an article on the correct usage of the words diminish, decline, and dwindle?  I believe diminish is used with uncountable nouns such as the light diminishes, decline is used with abstract and uncountable nouns such as â€Å"decline in quality† or â€Å"decline in performance,† and dwindle is used only with countable nouns such as â€Å"the population of tigers has dwindled.† This question, so intellectual and logic-seeking, made me aware in striking fashion how differently speakers approach language. Were I debating which of the three verbs to use- diminish, decline, or dwindle- I would weigh their distinctive emotive qualities, never giving a thought to whether they refer to countable or non-countable nouns. As it happens, all three of these verbs may be used with countable or uncountable nouns when the intended meaning is â€Å"to lessen† or â€Å"to become smaller.† Deciding which to choose depends upon context and the connotation wanted. Diminish descends from a Latin verb meaning â€Å"to cut small. Ancient Latin had the verb diminuere, â€Å"to break into small pieces, and diminuere, â€Å"to make smaller, to reduce in size.† Decline derives from Latin declinare, â€Å"to turn or bend away or aside from the straight course.† Dwindle derives from dwine, an archaic English verb meaning, â€Å"to waste or pine away.† That all three are used interchangeably in modern English is illustrated by the following examples from the Web: As populations age and revenues diminish, government and private pension funds around the world are facing insolvency. Nevada and Strip gaming revenues decline in February Chicago food fest struggles as revenues dwindle Diminish conveys a lessening of the strength or quality of something. Its most common use is with uncountable nouns: Are we getting more stupid? Researchers claim our intelligence is diminishing as we no longer need it to survive Researchers have some new insights into how power  diminishes  a persons capacity for  empathy. Our smartphones supply endless possibilities for entertainment, but a new study shows they can diminish the quality of users time away from work or school. Decline connotes a gradual diminishing, like something moving down a slope. We had watched our children decline, fall into drug and alcohol abuse, fail to perform at school, lose jobs, abandon relationships, become unable to function in the family or society, and we hadn’t known why.   Agriculture is  declining day by day. The six monthshad been for me a sorrowful waiting game of watching [my mother] decline and wondering which day would be her last. Dwindle suggests a gradual diminution into nothingness or something close to it. A novel’s plot might dwindle to a disappointing close. A dying battery causes a flashlight’s illumination to dwindle. The liquid in the â€Å"Drink Me† vial causes Alice to dwindle in size. An excellent photographic visualization of dwindling is what the Wicked Witch of the West does when Dorothy throws water on her in The Wizard of Oz. A quotation that I associate with the word dwindle is the line that concludes Millamant’s monologue to her fiancà © Mirabell in Congreve’s Way of the World. After listing the freedoms she enjoyed as an unmarried woman as conditions (articles) that he must agree to if he wants her to go through with the marriage, she concludes with this statement: These articles subscribed, if I continue to endure you a little longer, I may by degrees dwindle into a wife. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive At41 Words That Are Better Than GoodTrooper or Trouper?

Arg Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arg Synthesis - Essay Example Additionally, the paper will define global warming. Consequently, it will analyze the causes of global warming and SDSU’s commitment in honoring the climate action plan (CAP). Global warming is primarily defined as the amplification and rise in earth’s temperature because of fossil fuels, industrial pollution and agricultural practices by human beings, and natural gas emissions (Chapin III et al, 1991). Due to these factors, greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere in large quantities. Short wave solar radiations are absorbed into the earth hence increasing its surface temperature. According to experts, greenhouse gases are the main cause of the rise of the earth’s temperature. Greenhouse gases increase the heat trapping ability of the earth. The major causes of global warming are divided into two groups; man-made causes and natural causes. Natural causes are the factors amplified by nature. For example, the emission of methane gas from frosty tundra and wetlands is an example of a natural cause. Methane gas traps heat in the earth’s atmospheres hence raising earth’s temperature. As such, it is a greenhouse gas. Meanwhile, man-made causes result from human activities on the surface of the earth. Man-made effects are the major cause of global warming. Pollution is the major cause of global warming. It results from coal, fossil fuels or oil burning pollutes the environment by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Also, methane gas is released into the atmosphere when human beings excavate fossil fuels or minerals. The increase in the human population is another significant cause of global warming. A higher population means more transportation methods are needed, which translates to more fossil fuels b eing mined and burned hence increasing methane gas in the atmosphere (Cox et al, 2000). Additionally, an increase in population means more land is being cleared for farming and settlements. This has an impact

Middle east studies global prespectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Middle east studies global prespectives - Essay Example There are numerous progressive laws that have been devised in regard to education in Lebanon but they are yet to be enforced. These laws have a potential of improving the Lebanese education system and consequently improving the life of the Lebanese (Samira, Achim & Sarhan 64). Also, it can promote respect and understanding among all political and religious groups in Lebanon. Education in Lebanon is compulsory. Compulsory education in the country was adopted as early as 1736 and influenced the adoption of the compulsory education in Ottoman Empire in 1869 (Hamdan 5). The compulsory education was abandon by the Ottoman Empire rulers but was readopted in Lebanon in 1959. In 1971, the Lebanese education system established Education Centre for research and Development (ECRD) (Hamdan 5). ECRD has a responsibility to drafting state schools’ textbooks, setting the curriculums and overseeing the Lebanese education system at large. Lebanon took part in the world conference that adopted World Declaration on Education for All which classifies education as a human right. This made Lebanese education system to set several objectives and means to achieve them. These objectives include broadening the means and scope of basic education, facilitating universal access to learning and promoting equity. ECRD also changed the curriculum to include subjects such as The atre, Arts and IT at the basic education level. The ministry of education and higher education in 2004 published national strategy for education for all. Lebanon education system consists of primary education and intermediate education, secondary education, vocational and technical education, and higher education (Samira, Achim & Sarhan 55). Primary education in Lebanon has been free since 1987. English, Arabic, and French are the instructional medium in the private schools. The duration of Lebanese primary education is 5 years (Hamdan 15). After completion of primary

Study on the A Not B Error

Study on the A Not B Error After being discovered by Jean Piaget in 1954 perseveration tasks became one of the main means of investigation in cognitive development psychology, initially in children and later also in non-human animals. The most known of these is the, so called, A-not-B task, which even after many years of research still elicits debates about its underlying mechanisms. This paper aims to provide a review of existing empirical data in order to answer questions of who and why makes the A-not-B error. The first section of the review will give a theoretical background by describing the classic task used by Piaget, the importance of such experiments. This will provide a clear picture of what the A-not-B error is. The two following parts will focus on the questions of who makes the error and why, by an analysis of a set of classic experiments. Each study will be analyzed in terms of its goals, results, and what the impact of these findings is. The last part will include general conclusions based on st udies analyses from previous parts. In order to answer the questions stated in the review title, what is the A-not-B error, who makes it, and why?, classic data will be analyzed in order to determine what the best candidates for explanation of the mechanisms responsible for the error are (in the classic A-not-B task). The most convincing hypothesis will be chosen based on its explanatory power (can it explain most of the existing data?) and its relation to other approaches (can it incorporate other ideas?). Publication of the book The Construction of Reality in the Child in 1954 marks the beginning of research on perseverative tasks in infants. The author, Jean Piaget, described many hide and seek games, invented in order to investigate the understanding of permanence of objects in infants and its changes in time. One of these games became one of the most widely used to explore infant cognition, the A-not-B task. The classic example of its procedure involved a 9 and a half month old child called Laurent. Piaget placed him on a sofa and presented him with two hiding covers, one on the right, and one on the left. Then, he placed his watch under the cover A, and observed Laurent lift the cover to retrieve the watch. After this hiding and seeking was repeated several times, Piaget hid his watch under the cover B. Laurent watched this action attentively, but when given a choice searched back at the location A. As the author put it, at the moment the watch has disappeared under the garment B, he [Laurent] turns back toward coverlet A, and searches for the object under the screen. From this wrong choice, Piaget concluded that Laurent did not understand the independence of objects from his own actions on them. Since these initial results, the A-not-B error has been continuously studied and proven to be a strong and universal phenomenon in human infancy. However, the underlying mechanisms are still being debated, why the error happens and what it means. What is clearer, are the crucial elements of the task to produce the A-not-B error (Smith, 1999). In the original procedure an infant sits in front of two hiding locations that are highly similar and separated by a small distance. While the infant watches, an attractive object (for example a toy) is hidden in one of the locations, described as A. After a delay (which can vary), the infant is allowed to search for the object by reaching to one of the two hiding locations. This hiding and seeking is repeated several times, af ter which the object is hidden again, but this time in location B. Again, after a delay the infant searches for the object. In this traditional method, 8 to 10 month old infants keep reaching back to the initial location A, thus making the A-not-B error. More recent data suggests that there might be also other important elements of the experiment, including posture of an infant, social context, or who the person interacting with subjects is. Before proceeding to a more detailed analysis of existing A-not-B task data, the significance of such research will be briefly described. Investigations of A-not-B task are important for a couple of reasons. Firstly, it provides a clear paradigm to explore the development of infant cognition, how it changes in time. More specifically, it allows investigation how different processes involved in finding the object interact (such as looking, discriminating locations, posture control, and motor planning). Secondly, it also allows comparative experiments when the task is administered to nonhuman animals. Such research allow comparisons of cognitive abilities of different species and how these abilities might have evolved from common ancestors. However, after many years of research there is still no consensus on what is the meaning of the error and what its developmental importance is. The question of what the A-not-B error is has already been answered. The next question is about who makes the error. An answer to this question will be approached by analyzing a selection of studies on the A-not-B tasks which investigated human infants (Homo sapiens), rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). The predominant group of participants checked on the A-not-B task are human infants of different ages. Diamond and Goldman-Rakic (1989) investigated extensively how the age of infants and the length of delay between observing and searching influences the commitment rate of the error. The experimental procedure was based on the original task, designed by Piaget. However, several differences were also introduced. Instead of sitting freely, infants were held sitting on their parents lap, prevented from turning or looking at the hiding location during the delay. Care was taken to ensure that the infant was observing the whole hiding process. In order to prevent visual fixation on correct hiding location, the infants were distracted by the experimenter calling them and counting aloud. Correct reaches were rewarded by gaining the hidden object (an attractive toy). In a case of an incorrect reach, the experimenter showed the right choice by uncovering the object, but did not allow the infan t to reach for it. Testing for A-not-B began immediately after the infant first uncovered a hidden toy from one of the hiding places. Different lengths of delays between hiding and searching were introduced to the procedure to check what the crucial time to commit the error was. The first introduced delay was a 2 second one. Most infants below 8-8.5 months of age made the A-not-B error at these or smaller delays, whereas only one infant above 11 months did so. The second delay was 5 seconds. By 8.5 months only half of infants made the error at delays of 5 +/- 2 seconds. By 9.5 months half of the infants required delays greater than 5 seconds for the error to appear. The last experimental delay was 10 seconds, where no infant below 8.5 months had passed, whereas by 12 months the average delay needed to be longer than 10 seconds. An interesting observation from this experiment is that infants who maintained visual fixation on the correct hiding location also reached correctly, while t hose who shifted their gaze, failed to do so (performed at chance levels). Another interesting fact is that infants tried to correct themselves when they made the A-not-B error (but not in the youngest ages). To sum up, the A-not-B error occurs in human infants at delays of 2-5 seconds at 7.5-9 months, and at delays greater than 10 seconds after one year. These findings also are consistent with studies conducted by Gratch and Landers (1971) and Fox et al. (1979) which both found that infants of 8 months made the error at a delay of 3 seconds, as well as with a study by Millar and Watson (1979) which showed that infants of 6-8 months could avoid the error when there was no delay, but committed it with delays as brief as 3 seconds. This last finding corresponds closely with Diamond and Goldman-Rakic who found that infants of 8 months will succeed on A-not-B task if there is no delay, but that they will also fail at delays of 3 seconds. Diamond and Goldman-Rakic used the same procedure to investigate ten rhesus monkeys with prefrontal lesions in comparison to monkeys with different brain lesions (parential), and ones with brains intact. Only animals with the prefrontal lesions committed the A-not-B errors at different delay lengths. There was no significant difference in performance between unoperated and parentially lesioned monkeys. Their age ranged from 2 to 6 years. At the delay of 2 seconds, all monkeys with prefrontal lesions committed the error. At the delay level of 5 second results were similar, all monkeys with prefrontal lesions committed the error. At the delay of 10 seconds the performance of prefrontal animals did not meet criteria for the error (such as at least one error in the reversed trial, the error at least once repeated during the same trial), exactly like human infants below 9 months. Behaviour of prefrontally damaged monkeys was noted to be very similar to that of human infants described befo re. The last research analyzed in order to provide an answer to the question of who commits the A-not-B error was conducted by Topà ¡l et al. (2009) on dogs, wolves, and human infants. In a series of experiments a behavioural analogy between human infants and dogs was found. The goal of the research was to investigate the functional nature of dogs sensitivity to communicative cues in a comparative framework, by the use of the A-not-B task. In one of the experiments dogs were shown to be influenced by the communicative context in their perseverative erroneous searches for hidden objects at a previously repeatedly baited (with a toy) location A, even when they observed the object being hidden at a different location (B). Such results are highly similar to those found in human infants. The task involved looking for a hidden object that the dogs saw being hidden behind one of two identical screens. The first phase consisted of the dog being allowed to repeatedly fetch the object (toy) from behind of the screens (location A). In the test phase, the experimenter hid the toy behind the alternative screen B. Dogs managed to fetch the hidden object correctly in all screen A trials. The main result from the test phase is that dogs in the social-communicative trial (the hider attracted the dogs attention) committed the A-not-B error more often than animals in the non-communicative (hiding with experimenters back turned toward the dog) or non-social (experimenter stayed still while the object was moved between screen by another experimenter, not visible to the dog) version. Additionally, animals in the non-social condition were significantly more successful than chance during the test phases. To sum up, the error was eliminated when the hiding events were not accompanied by communicative signals from experimenters. Dogs were shown to be influenced by the communicative context in their perseverative erroneous searches for hidden objects at the previously repeatedly baited loca tion A, even when they observed the object being hidden at a different location B. Such results are highly similar to those found in human infants. Thus, the A-not-B error was proven to also exist in dogs. Naturally this analysis does not exhaust all existing research on perseverative tasks. However, the aim of this review is to focus on A-not-B error only, in its classic version designed by Piaget. Other species, investigated in different variants of perseverative error tasks, included chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), cotton-top tamarin monkeys (Saguinus oedipus) (Hauser, 1999), as well as magpies (Pica pica) (Gà ³mez, 2005). After the data of who makes the A-not-B error was summarized, an analysis of the underlying mechanisms should follow, to answer the question of why the error is made. In literature different hypotheses are present. Principal of these include areas such as object permanence, memory deficits, information bias, immaturity of prefrontal cortex, and action oriented responses (reaching). The first explanation was provided by the author of the A-not-B task himself, based on his initial research on perseverative errors. Piaget attributed this error to a lack of conception of object permanence in human infants. In his view infants commit the error because they do not understand that an object continues to exist even when out of sight. Their reach back to location A is therefore seen as an attempt to bring that object back to existence. This is the first, historical explanation, which has been disproved by various studies. For example, Baillargeon (1987) has shown that some young infants (3.5-4.5 months) might have some understanding of object permanence. When watching possible (a screen rotating and stopping at a box behind it) and impossible events (a screen rotating as though there was no box behind it), infants looked longer at the impossible ones, which can be understood that they were not expecting them to happen. Similar results were also reported by Ahmed and Ruf fman (1998), where infants who made the A-not-B error in search tasks looked significantly longer at impossible events than possible ones in a non-search version of the task. Such behaviours required a comprehension that when objects are out of sight, they continue to exist. Infants did not expect the object to be retrieved from a wrong place and therefore they had to understand in some sense where the object was actually located. Such results call into question Piagets claims about the age at which object permanence emerges. An alternative explanation focused on memory as a factor responsible for the error occurrence. In her research, Diamond (1985) found that different delay lengths between hiding and object searching affected the rate of the error. Thus the conclusion was that the recall memory was causing the A-not-B error. However, such view was challenged by Butterworth (1977), who found that use of transparent covers in hiding locations does not decrease the error rates, which is inconsistent with the recall hypothesis. Seeing an object underneath a cover should create no need of using the recall memory and lead to the error not being committed, which did not happen. This study also can be used to argue against the hypothesis that competition between different kinds of memory is responsible for the error. Harris (1989; after: Ahmed Ruffman, 1998) proposed that infants make the A-not-B error because of two memory traces in combination with poor attention. In this view, information about the object at location A is held in the long-term memory, whereas information about the object at new location B is kept in a weaker short-term memory. However, the fact that infants continue to make the error even when provided with clear cues of the object location (transparent covers), suggests that the underlying cause is not related to memory issues. Another classic explanation placed the difficulty on the encoding of information. Bjork and Cummings (1984) suggested that encoding at new location B requires more processing (is more complex) than encoding repeated location A because B must be distinguished from A. Sophian and Wellman (1983) also referred to information selection, where prior information was mistakenly selected over the new information about location B because infants forgot current information (which relates strongly to the short-term memory limitations) or because infants did not know that current information should take over. These findings again can be debated in light of the transparent covers study by Butterworth (1977) and the violation-of-expectations study by Ahmed and Ruffman (1998). With the use of transparent covers, encoding new information does not pose major cognitive challenge since the desired object is visible all the time. The proposition of infants not knowing which information should precede is enough ambiguous in itself (what know means in this context, do adults know which information from their environment should be the most valid one?) and is additionally contradicted by the findings that infants look longer at unexpected retrieval of objects from old locations. Therefore, they behave as though they know where the object is currently hidden. All of the hitherto presented hypotheses have met their nemesis data. At this point, two major explanations of the A-not-B error will be presented that yielded wider acceptance. One of them, supported by neuropsychological literature, is the importance of the prefrontal cortex, especially its relation with perseveration and inhibition. The prefrontal cortex is an anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, which is often associated with planning behaviours, decision making, and moderating social behaviour. As Hauser (1999) states it, the act of perseveration (a repeated production of particular action or thought) often represents the consequence of a particular cognitive problem, related to inhibition. In order to prevent perseveration such mechanism is required to reject some alternatives while favouring others, which may involve activation of the prefrontal cortex (Kimberg et al., 1997). Infants, therefore, are highly susceptible to the commitment of the A-not-B error because of their immature prefrontal cortex. The research by Diamond and Goldman-Rakic (1989) provided the first evidence that A-not-B performance depends upon the integrity of the prefrontal cortex and that maturation of this region underlies improvements in the task performance in human infants between 7.5 and 12 months of age. Further support comes from other groups of subjects of this study. Monkeys with lesions in the prefrontal cortex also committed the error, whereas monkeys with brains left intact, managed to choose the correct location B. As the authors noticed, the A-not-B task performance of operated monkeys and 7.5-9 month old human infants was highly comparable (both groups made errors at delays of 2-5 seconds). This significance of the prefrontal cortex can be explained by analyzing two main abilities required for the error to occur, which depend upon the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: temporal separation and inhibition of dominant response (Diamond Goldman-Rakic, 1989). The A-not-B task requires subjects to relate two temporally separate events: hiding cue and searching action. With no delay between hiding and searching even 7.5-9 month old human infants and prefrontally operated monkeys can manage to choose the correct location B. However, even when a brief delay (2-5 seconds) is introduced, they start to fail in object searching. Therefore, the aspect of delay plays a crucial role in committing the A-not-B error. This disadvantage can be overcome when subjects are allowed to maintain visual fixation or body orientation towards the new location during the delay. A similar effect is created by a visible cue which consistently indicates the correct choice (for example a mark on one of the locations). Those two findings indicate a possible involvement of short and long-term memory in the process of committing the error. In the case of fixation on the correct choice, a representation of this choice does not have to be held in short-term memory, and in th e case of learning an association between a landmark and a reward, the long-term memory is activated, guiding reaching behaviour accordingly. This brings back the argument about the role of memory in explaining the A-not-B error. The second ability stemming from the prefrontal cortex, the inhibition of dominant response, is mostly related to the act of reaching for the hidden object. In the A-not-B task subjects are first repeatedly awarded for reaching to location A, which leads to strengthening of this response. However, such conditioned tendency to reach to A must be inhibited in the test trial if the subject is to succeed and reach correctly to new location B. The fact that subjects reach back to location A even when they appear to know where the object is hidden (by looking there) or should know where the object is placed (transparent covers with visible toys), adds validity to the notion that inhibiting the conditioned response is difficult and that memory might not play a maj or role in explaining the error (the problem is not simply forgetting location of an object). Even when the object is hidden, human infants and operated monkeys will often immediately correct themselves if their initial reach was incorrect. It appears therefore that subjects know the object is hidden in location B but still cannot inhibit the initial response of reaching to the previously rewarded location A. However, human infants often look in the direction of the correct hiding place, even when simultaneously reaching to the wrong one. It seems that the act of reaching itself might cause troubles, which relates to the next major explanation of the A-not-B error. Smith et al. (1999) advocated a change in theoretical debates on possible explanations of the A-not-B error. Their explanation focuses on performance and behaviour during the task, which is described as reaching to successive locations in visual space. Errors are made by returning to an original location when the goal location had changed. Reaching to a place consists of a series of ordered steps, beginning with cognition (perceiving the target, forming a goal) and ending with action (selecting a motor pattern, forming a trajectory of the reach). The proposition states that the A-not-B error is mainly a reaching error, emerging from a directional bias to location A created by previous looking and reaching, and because the visual input available to guide the reaching hand is insufficient to overcome the bias (similar covers close to each other, not fully developed reaching skills of 8 to 10 month old infants). Crucial to this hypothesis is the idea of a continuous interaction between looking, reaching, and memory of previous reaches. In other words, it is important that there are two similar potential reaching targets and that infants have a history of repeatedly reaching to one of the locations. Results from experiments by Smith et al. experiments indicated that goal-directed reaches of infants stem from complex interactions of visual input, direction of gaze, posture, and memory (therefore indicating strong context effects). Such a system is inclined towards perseveration since it creates the reach based on current visual input and memories of recent reaches. This bias will prevail whenever the new information input is highly similar to previous reach information or whenever the systems memory of previous reaches is strong. Such an effect could be described as a version of a previously analyzed information bias. These general processes of goal-directed reaching are not specific to a particular moment in development, which suggests that older children and even adults are prone to commit the A-not-B error if placed in the appropriate situation. For example, when no visual cues are given, like in the case of hiding objects in sand (Spencer et al., 1997; after: Smith et al., 1999). However, if these processes are not specific to a certain age, why then a decline in making the error is observed? Authors point to two developmental changes that can contribute to an answer: increasing infants ability to discriminate among visually similar locations, and increasing skill in reaching. Although Smith et al. state that there is no discrepancy between their results and data from investigations of the role of the prefrontal cortex, they do not agree with the explanation placing emphasis on inhibition failure in this region of the brain. In such a view, infants reach successfully to the correct location not because a dominant habit to reach to A was inhibited, but because the current visual information biasing the system in the B direction is stronger than the previously conditioned action towards A. Therefore, direction of the infants reach depends on internal and external dynamics shaping the goal-directed action (outside stimuli and previous experience). The goal of this review was to answer the questions of what the classic A-not-B error is, who makes it, and for what reasons. The answer to the first two is a straightforward one. In order to determine who makes the error, it is enough to administer the original procedure devised by Piaget to various subjects (with slight modifications if used with nonhuman animals). The question of why the error is committed has a more complex nature. A range of proposed explanations have been presented, along with an analysis of how valid these hypotheses are in light of existing empirical data. Due to limitations of space, the review has focused on presenting a summary of the main hypotheses: object permanence, memory deficits, information bias, immaturity of prefrontal cortex, and goal-oriented reaching. The two latter possess the largest explanatory power, as they incorporate or explain elements of other approaches. The most important difference between them is present in the definition of who c an commit the error. In the neuropsychological approach only subjects with immature or a damaged neocortex will make the error, whereas in the reaching approach this error is not so limited. Another main difference concerns the concept of inhibition. Described as a main element of the influence of the neocortex on choosing the right location, it is removed completely from the reaching approach. However, certain similarities are also present, since the neuropsychological hypothesis includes the aspect of programming a goal-oriented reach. Considering these characteristics together, as the best candidate for an explanation of the A-not-B task the immaturity of the neocortex will be chosen. It can provide sufficient explanation for why human infants with immature prefrontal cortex, prefrontally damaged monkeys, and dogs make the error. In the case of the latter, the inhibition process might play the major part. Dogs committed the error mostly in the communicative experimental conditio n, which might suggest that overcoming a bias created that way is too difficult, inhibition in the prefrontal cortex (which is often assumed to organize social behaviour) is too weak. Of possible importance is the domestication process, during which dogs were selected to respond to human communicative signals. In terms of Marrs levels of explanation (Humpreys et at., 1994), the prefrontal cortex could be described as planning behaviours in order to act appropriately in the world (computational level), by the use of inhibition processes (algorithmic level) on the neuronal networks (implementional level). Additional empirical data, obtained in order to validate the prefrontal cortex hypothesis, should include studies on infant rhesus monkeys and other infant species, as well as autistic human children (due to their lack of social skills which could be attributed to malfunctioning prefrontal cortex). A set of such data would allow comparisons with existing findings. Naturally, new rese arch might bring a change of focus in mechanisms underlying the A-not-B error, as the issue of perseverative errors is a complex one and requires further investigation.

Good Health Essay

â€Å"‘Good health implies the achievement of a dynamic balance between individuals or groups and their environment.'† (Better Health Commission 1986, cited in Carey, D., Perraton, G.; Weston, K. 2000: 3). According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), ‘health’ can be defined as the absence of illnesses and a state of mental and social well-being (Carey et al. 2000:3). In other words, in order to maintain optimal health, it is imperative to have a well-balanced lifestyle which would include a nutritious diet as well as mental and social well-being. This essay shows that food is one of the many important factors amongst others when striving to maintain good health. This will be demonstrated by examining the three main aspects affecting an individual’s health, in the following order: diet, lifestyle and social fabric of family and society. Diet is considered as one of the most crucial factors contributing to an individual’s health. However, being aware of what constitutes a good diet as opposed to a poor diet is significant in maintaining optimal health in an individual. A diet that is well-balanced includes more fruit, vegetables, wholegrains and less fatty, salty or sugary foods. This would mean avoiding processed meals from takeaways and eating less refined foods. Several main reasons are commonly given for this. The first of this is a poor diet which has been noted to be a major cause of obesity. Obesity appears to be a major risk factor in many diseases such as colorectal cancer and coronary heart disease. In addition, in recent years the number of diet-related diseases has increased proportionately, and is now one of the major causes of death in most western countries including Australia. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (1987 cited in Australian Consumers’ Association 1991: 6), the most significant causes of mortality in 1986 were cancer and heart disease. An explanation for this could be the steady rise in obesity levels within Australia, with many people eating highly processed foods which are laden with calories (Australian Consumers’ Association 1991: 13). It is therefore critical to eat a nutritively healthy diet, in order to successfully maintain good health and weight. Furthermore, an example supporting the above contention is a study conducted by the Willcox team (2004: 2), which reveals that the Okinawans have one of  the highest rates of longevity and have considerably lower risk towards most diet-related diseases which tend to be more prevalent in the ‘affluent countries’ of the West. The most notable difference in the lifestyle of the Okinawans and the Australians is their food consumption, which is low in calories and rich in fibrous foods such as grains, vegetables and soy. The study also states that such a diet has allowed the Okinawans to refrain from extensive free-radical damage to their body, allowing them to live longer and healthier. This reinforces the idea that nutriment consisting of a variety of wholesome meals rather than processed foods is extremely essential in maintaining health that has a lower predisposition to diseases associated with diet. Another vital factor for maintaining optimal health is lifestyle. Grundy (n.d. cited in Cadzow 1996: 32) states that the continuing trend of deteriorating physical conditions is due to the sedentary lifestyles people tend to keep nowadays. It seems that in several modern cities like Australia, people often succumb to a physically inactive way of life because of the presence of numerous technological devices such as television for entertainment and elevators for convenience. For instance, it is quite common to find staff members in many workplaces choosing to send an e-mail to another office that could be just next door, then actually going down personally (Cadzow 1996:32). As a consequence, many people are not able to burn the amount of kilojoules they consume and are therefore rapidly gaining weight and becoming vulnerable to diet-related diseases, which can radically hinder their health. Comparatively, the centenarians of Okinawa have been noted to keep a particularly active lifestyle, even as they grow older, frequently taking part in strenuous activities such as fishing and farming as evidenced by research conducted by the Willcox team (n.d. cited in King Murdoch 2005: 24). As a result of their late retirements and continuous physical activities, the Okinawans seem to enjoy high rates of longevity and good health as compared to the populations of other countries (Mc Devitt 1999: 59). A further critical element characteristic of a healthy lifestyle is to refrain from smoking and limiting alcohol intake to a minimum to enhance  physical well-being (Melton 2001: 32). Hence, it is evident that staying healthy means keeping active. Various simple activities such as dancing, gardening, or brisk walking help to burn kilojoules whilst at the same time providing enjoyment. Such activities can easily be done by everyone to keep healthy. Finally, social development also plays a fundamental role in promoting and maintaining good health. Perry (1997: 26) notes that the elderly that live with their children and grandchildren gain several positive impacts on their social and mental well-being. These benefits include emotional and physical support from their children along with a close-knit social network, both of which are significant to maintaining good social condition as evidenced by World Health Organisation’s definition of ‘health’. Conversely, the elderly are able to give emotional support to their family members, as well as recommend healthy dietary choices in order to encourage better health which provides mutual benefits to all members of the family, and allows for a dynamic state of wellbeing. Another example highlighting the importance of culture in the maintenance of health is the Okinawan approach to life, which is full or enthusiasm and positive outlooks, which enables strong ‘social integration’. Further evidence in support of this contention includes studies conducted by several researchers in the West, which have revealed that easy going people with optimistic attitudes generally tend to outlive the pessimistic (Melton 2001: 32). In addition to keeping a positive outlook, coping with stress effectively is another important aspect in relation to mental condition. Meditation and spirituality, helps to reinforce the mental as well as social aspect of healthiness, thus increasing the ‘psychospiritual health’. It can therefore be summarised that being cheerful and engaging in social activities promotes better health. In conclusion, it is evident that maintaining optimal health requires consideration of a variety of factors including the type of food consumed, the sort of lifestyle maintained and the existence of an interactive environment. Since all these factors affect the balance of an individual’s health, it is very difficult to say which particular one is more essential than another. Rather, it is the combination of all three dynamic features  that enables the sustainment of a healthy life, without the incidence of diseases because health is a continual journey and the successful blend of physical, mental and social equilibrium is of utmost importance. As summarised by the Wilcox team, â€Å"[T]he issue is not how long we live, it is how well we live.

The Honest to Goodness Truth on College Essay Free Samples

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Mass Media on Education - 2275 Words

title page title page TOPIC Critically examine how mass media has impacted on the educational landscape in Jamaica. (Explore at least 4 points) Media is known to be the most powerful means of communication. The print media, electronic media and the Internet are all the subsets of mass media. But what is mass media? Media can be defined as all the means of communication that provide the public with news and entertainment along with advertising. The word mass, according to the Oxford Mini Dictionary, means ‘ a large quantity, heap or expanse’. Therefore the word mass media can be defined as the means of communication that reach large numbers of people in a short time. Mass-media offers information in different form such†¦show more content†¦Notice the spelling for water, bigger, dollars and phone. Another negative medium that affects the way we spell things here is the telephone. Texting has taken over our lives so much that one local telephone network gives away one hundred free texts per day. The words that are shortened in the texts though have impacted the way we learn to spell some words. Some of these words are ‘av’ for ‘have’, ‘di’ for ‘the’ and ‘ur’ for ‘you’re’. This can mislead children as to the correct spelling of these and other words. We are already faced with spelling and reading problems in the classroom without having to add to them. Although it is easy to assess and obtain an education online, many times the educational institutions are not accredited with the Jamaican government. Secondly I must look at how mass media affects Jamaican socially. Mass media has exposed us to more cultures and the ways of life of other people in other counties. We are now open to other religions, foods, food preparation, sexuality, dressing, hair style and ways of teaching, just to name a few. A few years ago you would only know about the Christian religion. Now there are no many religious groups that one would lose count if they were to be counted. Christians usually do not wear certain clothes, jewellery or even straighten their hair. All these have changed since globalization has stepped in through mass media. We are now open to eat foods from other countriesShow MoreRelatedMass Media, Legislation And Education Play Critical Roles Essay715 Words   |  3 PagesShahar Platt Group B Professor Rajan 3/3/15 Paper #3 Mass media, legislation and education play critical roles in times of conflict, deculturalization, and state-sponsored mass violence against civilians. During the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, members of Hutu power founded the radio station, RTLM, which encouraged violence against the rival Tutsi minority and had a significant impact on participation in killings by both militia groups and ordinary civilians. 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