Budget Deficit in Vietnam from 2008 - 2012 - 5259 Words

TABLE OF CONTENT I. Definition and Current Situation in Vietnam 3 I.1.What is budget deficit 3 a. Definition 3 b. How to measure 3 I.2.Overview the budget deficit in Viet Nam for the latest 5 years 4 II. Factors influencing budget deficit in Vietnam 4 II.1 State Budget Revenue 4 a. High tax rate 4 b. Revenues from unsustainable non tax resources 5 II.2 State Budget Spending 6 a. High public spending continuously 6 b. Widely spread public investment 6 c. Low investment efficiency from the SOE sector 7 III. Impact of Budget Deficit to Macroeconomic Variables in Theory and Practice 8 III.1 Inflation 8 III.2 Interest rate 8 III.3 Trade balance exchange rate 9 III.4 Economic Growth 10 IV. Recommendations for†¦show more content†¦Deficits are financed by borrowings that itself increase the debt. If the ratio debt-to-GDP gets too high, investors will worry that the government will either default on this debt or will devaluate by monetising its debt and in this way engineer a high inflation rate. According to the Maastricht Treaty, the EU countries should not have a budget deficit higher than 3% of the GDP and a debt higher than 60% of the GDP. I.2.Overview the budget deficit in Viet Nam for the latest 5 years Macroeconomic Report 2012 titled â€Å"from macroeconomic instability to restructuring† released by the National Assembly’s Economic Committee announced that Vietnam’s state budget deficit and public debts have increased rapidly. The report (Figure 1 Annex) pointed out that the country has suffered constantly increasing the state budget deficit for more than a decade. Particularly, the average state budget deficit (excluding repayments for Vietnam’s original debts) in the 2003 – 2007 period was only 1.3 percent of GDP, but this figure had more than doubled to 2.7 percent of GDP in the 2008 – 2012 period. Especially in recent years, ongoing budget deficits have led to the rapid growth of public debt. Vietnam’s total public debts have increased from about 40 percent of GDP in late 2007 to 57 percent of GDP at the end of 2010 and only declined slightly in 2011. At the same time, Vietnam’s foreign debts have surgedShow MoreRelatedThe National Debt Of The United States Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we talk about national deficit and surplus we refer to the government budget balance from year to year, not a cumulative total of all debt. 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Preconceived Notions of Western-Europe - 1165 Words

Preconceived notions of Western-European forms of kinship and societal relations influence anthropological studies of kinship in different cultures (Schneider). Morgan theorized that a sexual relationship between female and male constituted marriage. In addition to this, Morgan considered the biological reproduction of offspring the key determinant in kinship classification as parents of said offspring. This paradigm has influenced the viewpoint of anthropologists’ studying other forms of kinship in different cultures. Rather than examining what kinship is to those being studied, anthropologists attempt to classify it into familiar categories. Two ethnographies that attempt eliminate this Western-European bias are â€Å"Biology Unmoored† by Sandra Bamford and â€Å"Sport of Kings† by Rebecca Cassidy. â€Å"Biology Unmoored† examines the Kamea, an indigenous people of the Papa New Guinea Highlands. 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Kate Chopin’s Life in Writing Free Essays

The life of Kate Chopin was an interesting tale of struggle and perseverance in an area of the country where things were quite difficult. Growing up around the turn of the twentieth century, Chopin had to put up with a difficult life in addition to the usual challenges that went along with being a woman at the time. Unlike in today’s time, women did not have many rights, nor did they have many opportunities when Chopin was growing up. We will write a custom essay sample on Kate Chopin’s Life in Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now As with the majority of great writers during that time, life experiences were important. Not only did Chopin draw from her experiences to come up with story ideas and character ideas, but she took some very specific instances to create stories. Though all of her works had some elements of this held within, there are two works that specifically highlight some of her more difficult life experiences and speak to the overall struggle of women during her time. In her works, Desiree’s Baby and The Story of an Hour, readers get to not only read a great story, but also understand how one woman’s struggle to overcome can impact the way that she writes. In order to understand the references in her work, a person has to understand exactly what she went to during various portions of her life. The one overriding theme in her life was loss. As evidenced by a article on Kate Chopin from A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, the woman had trouble keeping a man around in her life. This does not mean that she was divorced or had men leave her, either. Instead, almost every meaningful man in her life died in a difficult fashion. Her father was one of the leading railroad men around the turn of the century and he lost his life on the rail when one of his tracks collapsed. Kate Chopin was only five years old at the time, so she had to live the majority of her life without a father figure. The bad luck did not stop there for Chopin, either. Her half-brother passed away from a rare case of swamp fever when she was young, as well. When Chopin married a few years later at the age of 20, she had married a man who she thought would take the place of her brother and her father. He did her no favor by racking up a huge amount of debt and subsequently passing away from swamp fever, as well. Those things alone were enough to nearly drive her over the edge and created a really difficult life that was much harder than what most of her contemporaries had to go through. In a way, this set her up as a strong woman and prepared her to take on many of the challenges that faced women of her era, though. It is from this struggle that Chopin’s great works arose. Another aspect of Kate Chopin’s life that must be taken into account is the racism and inequality that she had to face. She was of Creole origin, which was one of the factions of society that was looked down upon by everyone else around them. In Desiree’s Baby, these themes of racism are presented quickly and succinctly. In the story, things change dramatically when it is realized that her baby, and subsequently Desiree, are not actually white. The more telling thing is what follows in the book. It is telling that she tries frantically to convince her husband that she is white. This is the most important thing to her. In the work, Chopin writes, â€Å"A quick conception of all that this accusation meant for her nerved her with unwonted courage to deny it. â€Å"It is a lie; it is not true, I am white! Look at my hair, it is brown; and my eyes are gray, Armand, you know they are gray. And my skin is fair,† seizing his wrist. â€Å"Look at my hand, whiter than yours, Armand,† she laughed hysterically† (Chopin, p.2). Though this is not exactly how Chopin’s life went down, she does draw from her experiences. In addition to the idea of racism, one can view the desperation to keep a man around as a commentary on her life. Chopin lost many of the men in her life for various reasons and that can be seen in Desiree’s story. Not only is she distraught about the realization that she and her baby are not white, but she also worries that her man will leave her because of it. This is the most important thing for her character, so this might be an indication of what Chopin finds important. Though the reference to her life can be seen in that story, it can be seen even greater in another one of her stories. The Story of an Hour is the most telling story that shows how much the author was impacted by the experiences of her life. Interestingly, the reader gets an indication in the first sentence of what the author is thinking. In that sentence, she writes, â€Å"Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death† (Chopin). Not only does her own experience of losing her husband play a role in shaping the story, but the pain of losing him also plays a role. She has been there in that situation, so she knows all too well that losing a husband is one of the most difficult things a person can go through. Though it is not exactly clear who the author is talking about in much of the story, there are times when it appears that she is representing herself in many of the lines. At one point, Chopin writes of the struggle when she writes, â€Å"She was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought† (Chopin). From this, the reader can come away with some sense of what Chopin may have been going through with her experiences in her life. From the words, the struggle seems to be too much to overcome. Overall, the two stories present different struggles, which is something that really shows how much she had to go through in her life. Most people would consider losing three men as big a challenge as any person should ever have to face. That was obviously not the case for Chopin, though. Her experiences shaped who she became in a number of different ways, including her struggles with female equality. During her time, being a successful writer was not a given for a woman, even if that woman had all of the talent and resources to succeed in the business. While she was having to put up with all of the problems of her life, she also had to try to put up a fight against the people who refused to take her seriously. Her entire career was a struggle to balance the emotions that she had to face. She had to feel pain for what was going on with her husband, her father, and her brother, but she could not readily show that. It was a very brave move including her life experiences in her works because that was not exactly an accepted tactic. By doing that, she opened up herself to lots of criticism, but it was something that made her a memorable writer. Overall, much of Kate Chopin’s life can be seen through her works. If a person takes the time to sit down and study her life, then they would see that she had to face a lot. From facing that adversity, she became strong enough to overcome some of the racism and the discrimination that plagued other writers during her time. She allows herself to show some emotion and to be a human, but she never lets her guard down so much that people can take advantage of her. That strength is reflected in her work and it’s the thing that makes them so interesting. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour. 1894. Chopin, Kate. Desiree’s Baby. 1893. â€Å"Kate O’Flaherty Chopin†, A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, Vol. I (1988), p. 176 How to cite Kate Chopin’s Life in Writing, Essay examples